Publication: Antón Martín: historia y arte del madrileño Hospital de la Orden de San Juan de Dios
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2016-04-12
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Uno de los centros de asistencia médica más importantes que ha tenido Madrid a lo largo de su historia ha sido el Hospital de Nuestra Señora del Amor de Dios, conocido igualmente como Convento Hospital de Antón Martín o de San Juan de Dios. Su especialización en enfermedades venéreas y de piel fue toda una referencia para las mejoras en el conocimiento y en el tratamiento de dichas patologías. El objetivo principal de esta tesis ha sido intentar ser una aportación al poco estudiado madrileño Hospital. Basándonos, principal y fundamentalmente en los hallazgos de documentos y fuentes inéditas que abarcan los tres siglos y medio que tuvo de existencia el edificio, se ha logrado hacer una primera investigación, hasta el momento no realizada, con la que poder mostrar una reconstrucción global de su historia y arte, así como también de las ceremonias que sucedieron dentro de sus paredes y de algunos acontecimientos que tuvieron una estrecha relación con el mismo o con la Orden religiosa de San Juan de Dios, que fue quien habitó y regentó el Hospital durante tres siglos. Desde su fundación en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI hasta su derribo a finales del siglo XIX, artistas de muy diferente tipo trabajaron en el inmueble, y la beatificación y posterior canonización del fundador de la Orden Hospitalaria, san Juan de Dios, motivaron algunas de las fiestas más famosas y celebradas que pudieron vivir los vecinos del Madrid de los Austrias. Por su parte, el lienzo de Nuestra Señora de Belén y la talla del Cristo de la Salud, que se hallaban en la iglesia del Hospital, propiciaron, además de festejos en su honor, la creación de dos Congregaciones, denominadas cada una de ellas con la referida advocación, y devociones madrileñas que incluso llegaron a traspasar las fronteras, no sólo regionales sino también nacionales. Hacer todo el recorrido cronológico de estos 350 años de vida del Hospital de Antón Martín ha permitido averiguar no sólo qué, cuándo y por quién se obraron algunas de las fábricas que se ejecutaron en todo el edificio sino también el haber podido poner autoría a algunas de sus piezas artísticas o saber el destino final que sufrieron otras. Como conclusión, podemos decir que el importante Hospital de Antón Martín no sólo lo fue por sus terapias y avances médicos que los Hermanos Hospitalarios implantaron, y que posteriormente fueron continuados por famosos médicos del Establecimiento de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, después de haberse hecho cargo del mismo la Diputación Provincial de Beneficencia, sino también porque a nivel artístico participaron en su embellecimiento artífices de renombre de cada época, mereciendo el que algunas de las piezas y artistas fueran reflejados y ponderados en tratados de arte, diccionarios de personajes ilustres y guías de Madrid. Desgraciadamente, la mayoría de dichas obras de arte no han pervivido, por lo que en más de una ocasión lo único que de ellas se ha podido ofrecer en este estudio han sido las inéditas descripciones que quedaron reflejadas en escritos de diverso tipo...
The Hospital Nuestra Señora del Amor de Dios, also known as Antón Martín or San Juan de Dios Convent Hospice, is one of the most important medical centers that Madrid ever had throughout its history. Thanks to its specialization in venereal and skin diseases it became a reference center for the advanced knowledge and treatment of these pathologies. Thus, the main purpose of this thesis is to be a contribution to the scarcely studied history of this Madrilenian hospital. A new research has been carried out, based mainly on findings of documents and unedited sources spreading through the three and a half centuries of existence of this building. The research allows of a global reconstruction of the building's history and art, as well as of the ceremonies that took place within its walls and of some other events that were tightly linked to the building's history or to the religious Order of San Juan de Dios, who inhabited and ruled the Hospital for three centuries. Since its establishment in the second half of the 16th century and up to its demolition by the end of the 19th, many different artists worked on this building. The beatification and later canonization of the San Juan de Dios Hospital Order's founder inspired some of the most festive celebrations that the residents of Austrian Madrid could have seen. On the other hand, the painting Nuestra Señora de Belén and the sculpture Cristo de la Salud, both located inside the Hospital's church, brought about celebrations to their honour as well as the foundation of two new Madrilenian congregations each called after their dedication, and whose veneration spread out to other regions and even to other countries. Reconstructing the chronology of these 350 years of the life of Antón Martín's Hospital has made it possible to find out not only which pieces or works on the building were created or done by whom and when, but also where some of the pieces of art went to. As a conclusion we can say the Hospital was important due to the therapies and medical progress that the Hospital Friars implemented and that were later continued by famous physicians of this establishment in the second half of the 19th century, after the local council took it over; but it was also important because well-known artists of those times were involved in its embellishment with some of its pieces of art deserving a mention and praise in art treatises, dictionaries of illustrious personalities and guides of Madrid. Unfortunately many of these pieces have not survived so that on several cases all that has been possible in this study is to present unedited descriptions of them, such as were found on diverse writings...
The Hospital Nuestra Señora del Amor de Dios, also known as Antón Martín or San Juan de Dios Convent Hospice, is one of the most important medical centers that Madrid ever had throughout its history. Thanks to its specialization in venereal and skin diseases it became a reference center for the advanced knowledge and treatment of these pathologies. Thus, the main purpose of this thesis is to be a contribution to the scarcely studied history of this Madrilenian hospital. A new research has been carried out, based mainly on findings of documents and unedited sources spreading through the three and a half centuries of existence of this building. The research allows of a global reconstruction of the building's history and art, as well as of the ceremonies that took place within its walls and of some other events that were tightly linked to the building's history or to the religious Order of San Juan de Dios, who inhabited and ruled the Hospital for three centuries. Since its establishment in the second half of the 16th century and up to its demolition by the end of the 19th, many different artists worked on this building. The beatification and later canonization of the San Juan de Dios Hospital Order's founder inspired some of the most festive celebrations that the residents of Austrian Madrid could have seen. On the other hand, the painting Nuestra Señora de Belén and the sculpture Cristo de la Salud, both located inside the Hospital's church, brought about celebrations to their honour as well as the foundation of two new Madrilenian congregations each called after their dedication, and whose veneration spread out to other regions and even to other countries. Reconstructing the chronology of these 350 years of the life of Antón Martín's Hospital has made it possible to find out not only which pieces or works on the building were created or done by whom and when, but also where some of the pieces of art went to. As a conclusion we can say the Hospital was important due to the therapies and medical progress that the Hospital Friars implemented and that were later continued by famous physicians of this establishment in the second half of the 19th century, after the local council took it over; but it was also important because well-known artists of those times were involved in its embellishment with some of its pieces of art deserving a mention and praise in art treatises, dictionaries of illustrious personalities and guides of Madrid. Unfortunately many of these pieces have not survived so that on several cases all that has been possible in this study is to present unedited descriptions of them, such as were found on diverse writings...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, leída el 14-01-2016