Publication: Welfarismo y gasto en protección social en la Unión Europea
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2016-04-28
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Desde hace cuatro décadas se habla de la crisis de los sistemas públicos de bienestar y de la necesidad de reformarlos, un largo período en que el discurso deslegitimador de su acción se topa en la práctica con estrategias políticas que, con cierta palindromía, se debaten entre la sostenibilidad y la irrenunciabilidad de aquellos. Ciertamente, el welfarismo, como concreción de opciones políticas inspiradas en los ideales de igualdad y solidaridad para la cobertura de riegos de bienestar se encentra en una encrucijada, especialmente Europa, donde la protección social institucional ha alcanzado sus cuotas más elevadas como expresión del moderno Estado liberal de derecho. Aquí, las reglas de la sociedad industrial y las fórmulas neocorporatistas supletorias se han visto desbordadas por las demandas de una ciudadanía neoposindustrial compleja que las vuelve obsolescentes. Utilizando como palanca el gasto social, esta tesis doctoral tiene por objeto justamente contribuir a la reflexión que necesariamente se sigue de la encrucijada welfarista en el marco de esa nueva ciudadanía social a fin de contribuir a su mejor comprensión como fenómeno dinámico e inacabado. Es así como, desde una multidisciplinariedad integradora de las perspectivas sociológica, económica, jurídica y politológica, tratamos, a partir de una disección teórica previa de esta experiencia singular, de visualizar sus mutaciones y anticipar sus posibles puntos de fuga. El análisis de los presupuestos sociales nos lleva a concluir que la revisión de los sistemas públicos de protección social en el occidente europeo tiene una importante componente ideológica que se ve reflejada en una moderación de la expansión del gasto que no permite, sin embargo, hablar del desmantelamiento del Estado del Bienestar, ida que, por otra parte, parce no tener cabida en las agendas de los actores políticos. Intuimos, en consecuencia, que los cambios más profundos, al tiempo que sutiles, tienen que ver con la desregulación de elementos de tipo cualitativo que acaban por rebajar el estatus de ciudadanía. En el plano más concreto, hemos querido tratar de poner en valor la idea de modelo social europeo como un concepto armado teóricamente sobre mínimos denominadores comunes de regímenes sociales diferentes pero que comparten idiosincrasia, además de retos y amenazas que, lejos de distanciarlos, en la práctica los aproximan como demuestra el hecho de que los beneficios sociales de sus ciudadanos tienden a aproximarse cuantitativamente hablando.
For four decades we talk about the crisis of the public welfare systems and the need to reform, a long period when some policy options have tried to delegitimize although in practice the debate is between sustainability and irrevocability. Certainly, welfarism, as realization of political choices inspired by the ideals of equality and solidarity to cover risks of welfare is at a crossroads, especially in Europe, where institutional social protection has reached its highest fees as an expression of modern liberal State of law. Here, the rules of industrial society and the neocorporatist ways are overwhelmed by the demands of a complex neoposindustrial citizenship that makes them obsolete. Using social spending as a tool, this doctoral thesis aims to contribute to the reflection on the crossroads welfarist under the new social citizenship in order to help to understand this dynamic and unfinished phenomenon. So, from a sociological, economic, legal and political science perspective we try to see the changes and anticipate the future from a theoretical approach. The social budget analysis leads to the conclusion that the reform of public social protection systems in Western Europe has an important ideological part that we can see as a moderation in spending growth. However, we should not talk of deconstruction of the welfare state. This idea is not on the agenda of political parties, either. Therefore, we suspect that the most profound and subtle changes are in deregulation of qualitative elements that reduce the citizenship status. More specifically, we wanted to revalue the idea of the European social model as a theoretical concept that we build on common elements of different social systems because they share challenges and threats. These systems are approached by these challenges and threats demonstrated by the fact that the social benefits of its citizens closer quantitatively.
For four decades we talk about the crisis of the public welfare systems and the need to reform, a long period when some policy options have tried to delegitimize although in practice the debate is between sustainability and irrevocability. Certainly, welfarism, as realization of political choices inspired by the ideals of equality and solidarity to cover risks of welfare is at a crossroads, especially in Europe, where institutional social protection has reached its highest fees as an expression of modern liberal State of law. Here, the rules of industrial society and the neocorporatist ways are overwhelmed by the demands of a complex neoposindustrial citizenship that makes them obsolete. Using social spending as a tool, this doctoral thesis aims to contribute to the reflection on the crossroads welfarist under the new social citizenship in order to help to understand this dynamic and unfinished phenomenon. So, from a sociological, economic, legal and political science perspective we try to see the changes and anticipate the future from a theoretical approach. The social budget analysis leads to the conclusion that the reform of public social protection systems in Western Europe has an important ideological part that we can see as a moderation in spending growth. However, we should not talk of deconstruction of the welfare state. This idea is not on the agenda of political parties, either. Therefore, we suspect that the most profound and subtle changes are in deregulation of qualitative elements that reduce the citizenship status. More specifically, we wanted to revalue the idea of the European social model as a theoretical concept that we build on common elements of different social systems because they share challenges and threats. These systems are approached by these challenges and threats demonstrated by the fact that the social benefits of its citizens closer quantitatively.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, Departamento de Economía Aplicada V, leída el 09-12-2015