Publication: Democracia y cultura cívica: los obstáculos para la consolidación democrática en Marruecos
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2016-06-01
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Sin lugar a dudas, la entronización de Mohamed VI conllevó la profundización del impulso reformista iniciado a finales de los años noventa de la década anterior. Sin embargo, dichas reformas no han supuesto una transformación profunda del régimen majzeniano, heredero de una ancestral tradición política que con base en la legitimidad religiosa, y centrado en la figura del soberano, ha demostrado una gran capacidad de supervivencia, configurándose como un régimen singular en la órbita árabo-islámica, en cuanto goza de una excepcional doble legitimidad: la religiosa por la condición del Príncipe de los Creyentes que ostenta el Rey, y la política, que deriva de la continuidad de la dinastía alauí, respaldada por los tributos del constitucionalismo occidental. Si observamos el proceso de democratización en Marruecos, percibimos una serie de mensajes y decisiones contrapuestos, y notamos que a menudo la reforma va unida a la represión. Para comprender qué significan los cambios que se han producido y su real alcance, se deben traspasar los paradigmas de transición que hacen hincapié nada más que en la validez de los procesos electorales, y los que establecen una correlación entre el grado de desarrollo económico, medido en PIB per cápita y las probabilidades de desarrollo de una democracia efectiva, ya que aunque exista tal vínculo, no resulta del todo determinante, como lo es la ausencia de una sociedad civil vibrante. De ahí que el principal objetivo de la presente tesis es destacar la importancia del rol que juega la cultura cívica en los procesos de transición y consolidación democrática, con la finalidad de avanzar en la articulación de una explicación del problema de la democratización de Marruecos, que supere los apriorismos de atribuir al islam una esencia o naturaleza autoritaria, sin tacharlo de anti-democrático. Es decir, sabiendo distinguir entre los principios éticos del islam, y la suma de formulaciones y modelos producidos por los musulmanes en el curso de su historia, los cuales, sí resultan poco democráticos o no tan afines al ideal democrático. En efecto, nuestro análisis de los obstáculos para la democratización de Marruecos ha revelado la consolidación de una cultura paternalista, de sumisión y acatamiento que ha entorpecido a lo largo de los siglos la conformación de una sociedad civil instruida y participativa, abierta al cambio y capaz de llevar a cabo una tarea tan gigantesca, tal es construir entre todos, un Estado marroquí unido, fuerte y democrático.
Undoubtedly, the enthronement of Mohammed VI involves the deepening of the reform drive begun in the late nineties of the previous decade. However, these reforms have not led to a profound transformation of the Makhzen regime, heir to an ancient political tradition that based on religious legitimacy, and focused on the figure of the sovereign, has shown a great capacity for survival, configured as a singular regime in the Arab-Islamic orbit, as it has an exceptional double legitimacy: a religious one by the condition of the Prince of Believers who holds the King, and the politic one, which derives from the continuity of the Alawite dynasty, supported by tributes of the Western constitutionalism. If we observe the democratization process in Morocco, we see a series of messages and conflicting decisions, and noticed that often the reform is linked to repression. To understand what the changes that have occurred mean and their actual scope, it has to be taken beyond the paradigms of transition that emphasize nothing but the validity of the electoral process, and the ones that establish a correlation between the degree of economic development, measured in PIB per capita and the chances of developing an effective democracy, because although there is such a link, not entirely conclusive, as it is the absence of a vibrant civil society. Hence, the main objective of this thesis is to highlight the important role played by civic culture in the process of democratic transition and consolidation, in order to advance the articulation of an explanation of the problem of the democratization of Morocco, that exceed attributing to Islam an authoritarian essence or nature, without perceiving it as anti-democratic. That is, to know how to distinguish between ethical principles of Islam, and the sum of formulations and models produced by the Muslims trough the course of their history, which, are in fact undemocratic or not so related to the democratic ideal. In fact, our analysis of the obstacles to the democratization of Morocco has revealed the consolidation of a paternalistic culture, of submissiveness and compliance that has hampered throughout the centuries the conformation of an informed and engaged civil society, open to change and able to carry out such a gigantic task, which is to build all together a united, strong and democratic Moroccan state.
Undoubtedly, the enthronement of Mohammed VI involves the deepening of the reform drive begun in the late nineties of the previous decade. However, these reforms have not led to a profound transformation of the Makhzen regime, heir to an ancient political tradition that based on religious legitimacy, and focused on the figure of the sovereign, has shown a great capacity for survival, configured as a singular regime in the Arab-Islamic orbit, as it has an exceptional double legitimacy: a religious one by the condition of the Prince of Believers who holds the King, and the politic one, which derives from the continuity of the Alawite dynasty, supported by tributes of the Western constitutionalism. If we observe the democratization process in Morocco, we see a series of messages and conflicting decisions, and noticed that often the reform is linked to repression. To understand what the changes that have occurred mean and their actual scope, it has to be taken beyond the paradigms of transition that emphasize nothing but the validity of the electoral process, and the ones that establish a correlation between the degree of economic development, measured in PIB per capita and the chances of developing an effective democracy, because although there is such a link, not entirely conclusive, as it is the absence of a vibrant civil society. Hence, the main objective of this thesis is to highlight the important role played by civic culture in the process of democratic transition and consolidation, in order to advance the articulation of an explanation of the problem of the democratization of Morocco, that exceed attributing to Islam an authoritarian essence or nature, without perceiving it as anti-democratic. That is, to know how to distinguish between ethical principles of Islam, and the sum of formulations and models produced by the Muslims trough the course of their history, which, are in fact undemocratic or not so related to the democratic ideal. In fact, our analysis of the obstacles to the democratization of Morocco has revealed the consolidation of a paternalistic culture, of submissiveness and compliance that has hampered throughout the centuries the conformation of an informed and engaged civil society, open to change and able to carry out such a gigantic task, which is to build all together a united, strong and democratic Moroccan state.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, leída el 03-02-2016