Publication: State-building y entorno de seguridad en los países de Oriente Medio. Especial referencia al subcomplejo de seguridad regional del Golfo
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2016-06-06
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El objetivo principal de esta investigación es contribuir al debate académico sobre la problemática de seguridad/inseguridad que afecta a los Estados árabes de Oriente Medio, indagando sobre sus causas y reflexionando sobre sus consecuencias desde el enfoque de los estudios de seguridad y, más concretamente, desde la corriente que aborda la cuestión de la seguridad en el Tercer Mundo. Una perspectiva novedosa tanto desde el punto de vista de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en nuestro país sobre la región de Oriente Medio, como de las investigaciones existentes en lengua árabe. El punto de partida de nuestra investigación consiste en cuestionar la capacidad explicativa de las teorías tradicionales y dominantes de seguridad al ser aplicadas al análisis de la seguridad nacional en el contexto particular del Tercer Mundo y, como parte de este, al mundo árabe en general. En nuestra opinión, este enfoque tradicional no permite entender las causas de la inestabilidad permanente que azota el Oriente Medio, al no conseguir captar la naturaleza esencial de dicha problemática. La razón fundamental es que los estudios de seguridad surgieron para explicar y dar respuesta a los problemas de la seguridad occidental. Aplicar indiscriminadamente los postulados de la definición de seguridad dominante a cualquier escenario no sólo limita enormemente el alcance del análisis, sino que distorsiona la realidad objeto de estudio. Esta limitación es aplicable también al explicar el escenario de inestabilidad e inseguridad del Oriente Medio. Con el propósito de abordar el vacío existente dentro de los estudios de seguridad relativos a la problemática de la seguridad en el Tercer Mundo, y de poder llegar a entender lo que no alcanzan a explicar las teorías clásicas sobre seguridad surge la corriente del Realismo Subalterno. Dentro del marco de la teoría realista, el Realismo Subalterno no se ha limitado únicamente a ser una manifestación más de contestación del concepto de seguridad tradicional, sino que se presenta como un instrumento analítico alternativo a los paradigmas y teorías dominantes sobre seguridad –tanto de la concepción realista tradicional como de los nuevos intentos de revisión del concepto-. Una perspectiva útil para explicar problemas contemporáneos de seguridad frente a la insuficiente capacidad de las teorías de seguridad clásicas, especialmente frente a los nuevos desafíos surgidos tras el final de la Guerra Fría...
The main objective of this research is to contribute to the academic debate on security/ insecurity affecting the Middle Eastern Arab States, exploring the causes and reflecting on the consequences from a security studies perspective and specifically, from the actual trend addressing security in the Third World. This research offers a new perspective, not only as compared to previous studies on the Middle East region rendered in our country but also to existing research in Arabic. The starting point of our research is to question the explanatory ability of traditional, and dominant, security theories when applied to the analysis of national security in the particular context of the Third World and the Arab world in general. In our opinion, the traditional approach does not allow for the proper understanding of the causes contributing to the continuous instability affecting the Middle East, failing to grasp the essential nature of this problem. The core reason is that security studies emerged to explain and answer Western security problems. Indiscriminately applying the dominant security definition principles to any scenario does not only greatly restrict the scope of the analysis, but it distorts the reality under study. This limitation is also applicable in explaining the scenario of instability and insecurity in the Middle East. In order to address the gap in studies related to the security issues in the Third World, and to understand what the classical theories fail to explain on security, Subaltern Realism arises. Within the framework of the realist theory, Subaltern Realism is not only limited as an answer to the traditional security concept, but it represents an alternative analytical tool to both paradigms and dominant theories of security, not only as a traditional realist conception but also as the new attempt to revise the concept. It is a useful perspective to explain current problems of security due to the insufficient capacity of the classical theories of security, especially to face the new challenges that emerged after the end of the Cold War. In relation to the analysis regarding the problems affecting the Third World, which are very different from the counterparts of the system’s center, it infers that the security threats on the periphery are mainly internal, in terms of vulnerabilities derived from an incomplete process of nation-state formation. The main cause of the insecurity in these countries has to do with the dysfunctional statehood of the State. As a consequence of the estatocentrism realistic concept that dominated security during the Cold War, little attention was paid to the conceptualization, formation and consolidation of the State. Therefore, this marginalization of the securitýs domestic dimension did not allow offering a full explanation of the security in the Third World...
The main objective of this research is to contribute to the academic debate on security/ insecurity affecting the Middle Eastern Arab States, exploring the causes and reflecting on the consequences from a security studies perspective and specifically, from the actual trend addressing security in the Third World. This research offers a new perspective, not only as compared to previous studies on the Middle East region rendered in our country but also to existing research in Arabic. The starting point of our research is to question the explanatory ability of traditional, and dominant, security theories when applied to the analysis of national security in the particular context of the Third World and the Arab world in general. In our opinion, the traditional approach does not allow for the proper understanding of the causes contributing to the continuous instability affecting the Middle East, failing to grasp the essential nature of this problem. The core reason is that security studies emerged to explain and answer Western security problems. Indiscriminately applying the dominant security definition principles to any scenario does not only greatly restrict the scope of the analysis, but it distorts the reality under study. This limitation is also applicable in explaining the scenario of instability and insecurity in the Middle East. In order to address the gap in studies related to the security issues in the Third World, and to understand what the classical theories fail to explain on security, Subaltern Realism arises. Within the framework of the realist theory, Subaltern Realism is not only limited as an answer to the traditional security concept, but it represents an alternative analytical tool to both paradigms and dominant theories of security, not only as a traditional realist conception but also as the new attempt to revise the concept. It is a useful perspective to explain current problems of security due to the insufficient capacity of the classical theories of security, especially to face the new challenges that emerged after the end of the Cold War. In relation to the analysis regarding the problems affecting the Third World, which are very different from the counterparts of the system’s center, it infers that the security threats on the periphery are mainly internal, in terms of vulnerabilities derived from an incomplete process of nation-state formation. The main cause of the insecurity in these countries has to do with the dysfunctional statehood of the State. As a consequence of the estatocentrism realistic concept that dominated security during the Cold War, little attention was paid to the conceptualization, formation and consolidation of the State. Therefore, this marginalization of the securitýs domestic dimension did not allow offering a full explanation of the security in the Third World...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales, leída el 18-12-2015