Publication: El voluntariado alavés durante la Guerra Civil
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2016-06-20
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La movilización contrarrevolucionaria de las derechas es uno de los temas menos estudiados de la Guerra Civil. Al respecto, la mayoría de las publicaciones y estudios referidos a esta se han centrado en el estudio de las fuerzas políticas izquierdistas, la revolución en la zona republicana o las milicias republicanas y el Ejército Popular. Por el contrario, esta tesis se centra en la movilización de los sublevados contra el gobierno de la República en la provincia de Álava, perteneciente al País Vasco. La segunda en cuanto a porcentaje de población masculina movilizada de manera voluntaria para combatir contra la República, sólo por detrás de Navarra, paradigma de la contrarrevolución española durante los siglos XIX-XX. En los años 30, Álava era una provincia mayoritariamente agrícola y católica con una escasa violencia sociopolítica y altos niveles de alfabetización y distribución de la propiedad. No obstante, después de la proclamación de la II República, las políticas laicas de los primeros gobiernos republicanos de izquierdas asustaron al pequeño campesinado católico de la provincia y lo movilizaron frente a lo que veían como la revolución, siendo este grupo uno de los apoyos de la sublevación militar de julio de 1936. Esta movilización contrarrevolucionaria comenzó en 1917, con la crisis provocada por la I Guerra Mundial y el triunfo de la Revolución Bolchevique. Desde aquel año hasta 1931 las fuerzas conservadoras en Álava, España y Europa, se movilizaron de manera defensiva. Esta movilización, en España, pasó a ser ofensiva a partir de aquella fecha, ya que con la caída de la Monarquía y la proclamación de la II República, el primer régimen plenamente democrático instaurado en España, visto por las derechas como la antesala de la revolución. Estos años y el paso de una movilización defensiva a una ofensiva son estudiados en la primera parte de nuestra investigación. La segunda parte se centra en la movilización de los voluntarios alaveses en las diferentes milicias durante la Guerra Civil. La más importante fue el Requeté, la milicia carlista. Los requetés provenían mayoritariamente del mundo campesino católico y tradicional. Estos veían a la República como un régimen anticatólico y revolucionario y veían con miedo la posibilidad de una revolución social que les confiscara sus tierras y animales y acabara con la religión. Por su parte, la juventud urbana de las clases mediaalta combatió en Falange, el partido fascista español...
The counter-revolutionary mobilisation of the right-wing Spanish political forces during the Civil War is one of the less researched topics concerning the war. Most of the publications have focused on the mobilisation of left-wing political forces, the revolution in the Republican zone or the Republican militias or the Popular Army. This PhD dissertation centres on the mobilisation of the rebels against the Republican government in the Álava province, located in the Bask Country. The percentage of volunteers who fought against the Second Spanish Republic was in Álava, with respect to the total male population, second only to Navarre, the centre of counterrevolutionary mobilisation in Spain in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1930s, Álava was a little, mostly agrarian and Catholic province lacking a tradition of political and social violence, and enjoying high levels of alphabetization and a fair distribution of the land’s property. Nevertheless, after the proclamation of the Second Republic, the religious policies and the secular laws passed by leftist Republican governments, as well as the fear of a revolutionary uprising led the Catholic and traditional peasantry mobilised against the Republic and supported the revolt army of July1936. This counter-revolutionary mobilization began with the crisis caused by the First World War and the triumph of the Bolshevist Revolution at 1917. From then to 1931, conservative mobilization in Álava, Spain and Europe was defensive. From 1931 in Spain the mobilization passed to the offensive, the reason was the rise to power of the reformist and left-wing political forces with the proclamation of the Second Republic, the first democratic regime in Spanish history. These pass from a defensive mobilization to an offensive are studied in the first part of our investigation The second part focuses on the mobilisation of Álava’s volunteer fighting in the different political militias during the Civil War. The most important was the Requeté, the carlist militia. The Requetés were mostly traditional and Catholic farmers. They saw the republic as an anticatholic and revolutionary regime and were afraid of the possibility of a social revolution that could confiscate their properties and animals and finish the religion. The youth of the urban high and middle class was fighted in Falange, the Spanish fascist party...
The counter-revolutionary mobilisation of the right-wing Spanish political forces during the Civil War is one of the less researched topics concerning the war. Most of the publications have focused on the mobilisation of left-wing political forces, the revolution in the Republican zone or the Republican militias or the Popular Army. This PhD dissertation centres on the mobilisation of the rebels against the Republican government in the Álava province, located in the Bask Country. The percentage of volunteers who fought against the Second Spanish Republic was in Álava, with respect to the total male population, second only to Navarre, the centre of counterrevolutionary mobilisation in Spain in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 1930s, Álava was a little, mostly agrarian and Catholic province lacking a tradition of political and social violence, and enjoying high levels of alphabetization and a fair distribution of the land’s property. Nevertheless, after the proclamation of the Second Republic, the religious policies and the secular laws passed by leftist Republican governments, as well as the fear of a revolutionary uprising led the Catholic and traditional peasantry mobilised against the Republic and supported the revolt army of July1936. This counter-revolutionary mobilization began with the crisis caused by the First World War and the triumph of the Bolshevist Revolution at 1917. From then to 1931, conservative mobilization in Álava, Spain and Europe was defensive. From 1931 in Spain the mobilization passed to the offensive, the reason was the rise to power of the reformist and left-wing political forces with the proclamation of the Second Republic, the first democratic regime in Spanish history. These pass from a defensive mobilization to an offensive are studied in the first part of our investigation The second part focuses on the mobilisation of Álava’s volunteer fighting in the different political militias during the Civil War. The most important was the Requeté, the carlist militia. The Requetés were mostly traditional and Catholic farmers. They saw the republic as an anticatholic and revolutionary regime and were afraid of the possibility of a social revolution that could confiscate their properties and animals and finish the religion. The youth of the urban high and middle class was fighted in Falange, the Spanish fascist party...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, leída el 15-12-2015