Publication: Sistemas de iluminación de altas prestaciones aplicados a bienes de interés cultural
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2016-09-02
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Esta memoria de tesis recoge el trabajo realizado con el objetivo de proponer mejoras en los sistemas que se utilizan para la iluminación de bienes de interés cultural. Para poder conseguir este objetivo, se han estudiado los procesos que relacionan la iluminación con la visualización y el deterioro de los materiales que componen los bienes culturales. Se ha desarrollado una metodología de caracterización óptica precisa adaptada al estudio de bienes culturales, que permite medir el factor de reflectancia con una alta precisión, tanto espectralmente como en el posicionamiento espacial del área medida. La metodología desarrollada se ha utilizado para la caracterización óptica de cuatro bienes culturales de muy alta relevancia, las obras “Mujer en Azul” y “Guernica”, del pintor Pablo Picasso, expuestas en el Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, la obra “Muchacho con turbante y ramillete de flores” del pintor Michiel Sweerts, perteneciente a la colección Thyssen-Bornemisza y las pinturas rupestres de la Cueva del Castillo, en Puente Viesgo, incluidas en la lista de Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO. El análisis de los datos obtenidos tras el proceso de caracterización ha permitido por un lado generar una base de datos espectrales para la evaluación del estado de conservación de los bienes estudiados y por otro ha servido como herramienta de análisis objetivo de los resultados visibles tras procesos de restauración. Se ha desarrollado una metodología de optimización de la distribución espectral de fuentes de iluminación aplicadas a bienes culturales, la optimización está basada en criterios de conservación y percepción que pueden variar en función de las necesidades específicas de cada caso de aplicación. La metodología permite asignar distinta importancia a los diferentes parámetros a optimizar de modo que hace posible encontrar soluciones individualizadas para problemas específicos. Se ha aplicado dicha metodología en la iluminación de cuatro paneles de arte rupestre en la “Cueva del Castillo” (Puente Viesgo), y se ha desarrollado un sistema de iluminación utilizando la tecnología LED que ilumina los paneles de arte rupestre con una distribución espectral optimizada para producir un mínimo daño sobre la pintura rupestre, un máximo contraste entre el color de la pintura y el color de la piedra sobre la que está pintada y una mínima diferencia entre el color de la pintura observado bajo el iluminante propuesto y bajo un iluminante similar al que utilizó el autor de las pinturas.
This doctoral thesis comprehends the work performed to propose improvements to the systems used in the lighting of cultural heritage sites and goods. To achieve this goal, a research has been carried out on the processes which take place in the relations between lighting, visual perception and cultural goods deterioration. A specific optical characterization methodology adapted to the study of cultural heritage goods has been developed, allowing for the highly accurate measurement of reflectance factor both spectrally and on the spatial positioning of the measured area. This methodology has been used in the optical characterization of four greatly significant cultural assets – the paintings “Woman In Blue” and “Guernica” by Pablo Picasso, on display at Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía; the painting “Boy in a turban”, belonging to the Thyssen-Bornemisza collection; and the Paleolithic cave paintings in Cueva del Castillo, Puente Viesgo, which are listed in UNESCO’s World Heritage. The analysis of the obtained data following the characterization tasks has served two main purposes – generating a spectral database to assess the degree of preservation of the goods studied; and providing a tool for the objective analysis of the visible results of restoration. An optimization methodology has been developed for the spectral distribution of lighting sources used on cultural goods. The optimization is based on preservation and perception criteria which can vary depending on the specific needs for each case. The methodology enables to shift priorities in the parameters to be optimized to find individualized solutions for specific problems. The discussed methodology has been applied in the lighting of four Paleolithic cave paintings panels in Cueva del Castillo, Puente Viesgo. The work carried out result in a LED technology based lighting system that lights the cave painting panels with an optimized spectral distribution which causes the slightest impact on the painting; produces the highest contrast between paint color and the color of the rock surface on which it is and provides the smallest difference between how the color of the paint is perceived under the proposed illuminant and how it would have been under the illuminant used by the author of the paintings.
This doctoral thesis comprehends the work performed to propose improvements to the systems used in the lighting of cultural heritage sites and goods. To achieve this goal, a research has been carried out on the processes which take place in the relations between lighting, visual perception and cultural goods deterioration. A specific optical characterization methodology adapted to the study of cultural heritage goods has been developed, allowing for the highly accurate measurement of reflectance factor both spectrally and on the spatial positioning of the measured area. This methodology has been used in the optical characterization of four greatly significant cultural assets – the paintings “Woman In Blue” and “Guernica” by Pablo Picasso, on display at Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía; the painting “Boy in a turban”, belonging to the Thyssen-Bornemisza collection; and the Paleolithic cave paintings in Cueva del Castillo, Puente Viesgo, which are listed in UNESCO’s World Heritage. The analysis of the obtained data following the characterization tasks has served two main purposes – generating a spectral database to assess the degree of preservation of the goods studied; and providing a tool for the objective analysis of the visible results of restoration. An optimization methodology has been developed for the spectral distribution of lighting sources used on cultural goods. The optimization is based on preservation and perception criteria which can vary depending on the specific needs for each case. The methodology enables to shift priorities in the parameters to be optimized to find individualized solutions for specific problems. The discussed methodology has been applied in the lighting of four Paleolithic cave paintings panels in Cueva del Castillo, Puente Viesgo. The work carried out result in a LED technology based lighting system that lights the cave painting panels with an optimized spectral distribution which causes the slightest impact on the painting; produces the highest contrast between paint color and the color of the rock surface on which it is and provides the smallest difference between how the color of the paint is perceived under the proposed illuminant and how it would have been under the illuminant used by the author of the paintings.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, leída el 01-02-2016