Publication: La regulación jurídica de la valija diplomática en Derecho Internacional. Análisis de su inviolabilidad y el problema de su abuso
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2017-01-25
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Esta tesis versa sobre la valija diplomática, un medio de comunicación poco conocido entre el público en general, pero muy familiar para aquellos que se dedican a las relaciones diplomáticas. Tanto es así que es difícil encontrar a alguien destinado en una misión diplomática que desconozca el día en que llega o sale esa famosa saca de lona que contiene la correspondencia oficial y los objetos de uso oficial destinados a la misión o enviados desde ésta a los servicios centrales del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores u a otras misiones diplomáticas o consulados del Estado que envía. La valija diplomática es una institución muy antigua, pero no fue regulada por el Derecho internacional hasta la adopción de la Convención de Viena de 1961 sobre relaciones diplomáticas. Su artículo 27 proclama la inviolabilidad de la correspondencia oficial de la misión diplomática, dicta la prohibición de abrir o retener la valija diplomática, fija sus características básicas (bultos que deberán ir provistos de signos exteriores visibles indicadores de su carácter y sólo podrán contener documentos diplomáticos u objetos de uso oficial) y determina las personas de las que puede ir acompañada (correo diplomático, correo diplomático ad hoc y comandante de una aeronave comercial). Las convenciones multilaterales, así como los acuerdos regionales y bilaterales alcanzados en esta materia con posterioridad, recogieron básicamente el mismo esquema que la Convención de Viena de 1961, con excepción hecha de la Convención de Viena de 1963 sobre relaciones consulares, que en su artículo 35 dispone que la valija consular no podrá ser abierta o retenida salvo cuando existan razones fundadas para creer que ésta contiene algo diferente a la correspondencia, documentos u objetos oficiales, en cuyo caso el Estado receptor podrá pedir que la valija sea abierta en presencia de un representante autorizado del Estado que envía o que sea devuelta a su lugar de origen...
This dissertation dwells on the diplomatic pouch, a means of communication relatively unknown to the general public, but familiar to those who work on diplomatic relations. So much so that it would be difficult to find someone in a diplomatic mission who remains unaware of the day of arrival or departure of the famous burlap sack that contains the official correspondence and the objects of official use of the mission, or sent from the mission to the Ministry of External Affairs or to other diplomatic missions or consulates of the represented State. Despite its old origins, the diplomatic pouch was not regulated in Public International Law until the 1961 Vienna Convention on diplomatic relations. Its article 27 states the inviolability of the official correspondence of the diplomatic mission, the prohibition to open or detain the diplomatic pouch, its basic characteristics (pieces of luggage with external signs that proclaim its nature and contain diplomatic documents and objects of official use) and the persons that may accompany it (diplomatic courier, ad hoc diplomatic courier and the commander of a commercial airliner). Multilateral conventions, as well as regional and bilateral agreements reached later on this matter, basically repeat the same outline of the 1961 Vienna Convention, except for the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, whose article 35 states that the consular pouch cannot be opened or detained but for the existence of solid grounds to believe that it contains something other than correspondence, documents or official objects, in which case the host State can request that it be opened in the presence of an authorized representative of the host State of that it be returned to its place of issue...
This dissertation dwells on the diplomatic pouch, a means of communication relatively unknown to the general public, but familiar to those who work on diplomatic relations. So much so that it would be difficult to find someone in a diplomatic mission who remains unaware of the day of arrival or departure of the famous burlap sack that contains the official correspondence and the objects of official use of the mission, or sent from the mission to the Ministry of External Affairs or to other diplomatic missions or consulates of the represented State. Despite its old origins, the diplomatic pouch was not regulated in Public International Law until the 1961 Vienna Convention on diplomatic relations. Its article 27 states the inviolability of the official correspondence of the diplomatic mission, the prohibition to open or detain the diplomatic pouch, its basic characteristics (pieces of luggage with external signs that proclaim its nature and contain diplomatic documents and objects of official use) and the persons that may accompany it (diplomatic courier, ad hoc diplomatic courier and the commander of a commercial airliner). Multilateral conventions, as well as regional and bilateral agreements reached later on this matter, basically repeat the same outline of the 1961 Vienna Convention, except for the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, whose article 35 states that the consular pouch cannot be opened or detained but for the existence of solid grounds to believe that it contains something other than correspondence, documents or official objects, in which case the host State can request that it be opened in the presence of an authorized representative of the host State of that it be returned to its place of issue...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, Departamento de Derecho Internacional Público y Derecho Internacional Privado, leída el 12-01-2016