Publication: La lucha antituberculosa en España, (1874-1958): medios de comunicación, sociedad y sanidad
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2017-03-30
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El objeto de este trabajo es el estudio de la lucha antituberculosa en España desde una perspectiva de la Historia de la Comunicación Social. El periodo temporal contemplado comprende desde el inicio de la Restauración borbónica, en 1874, hasta la reorganización del Patronato Nacional Antituberculoso, el organismo sanitario dedicado a luchar contra la tuberculosis durante el Franquismo, en 1958. La divulgación sanitaria fue una de las pocas herramientas con las que se podía hacer frente a la tuberculosis en tanto sus causas sociales (malas condiciones de vida en general, y particularmente en todo lo relativo a vivienda, trabajo y alimentación) no fuesen erradicadas. Aunque estas causas eran perfectamente conocidas, se consideraba mucho más factible introducir pautas higiénicas y de conducta en los grupos de riesgo que cambios en las causas estructurales del contagio masivo. Esta divulgación se inserta en el sistema de valores imperante en cada momento histórico, y es un reflejo fiel de una concepción concreta de la sociedad y de la enfermedad y de las relaciones mutuas que se establecen entre ambas. Por lo tanto, la comunicación no puede considerarse un aspecto menor o meramente accesorio, sino un factor clave. En atención a este protagonismo, se analizan en profundidad las manifestaciones comunicativas de la lucha antituberculosa en su contexto y perspectiva histórica, definiendo su finalidad y poniendo de manifiesto los prejuicios, los presupuestos ideológicos y los modelos de sociedad y convivencia que subyacen en este discurso. Las campañas antituberculosas fueron, por tanto, grandes campañas de comunicación en las que la divulgación sanitaria y el ánimo de inducir en el público conductas y estilos de vida acordes con las creencias e intereses de los emisores (normalmente las élites médicas y políticas) se entremezclan sin que en muchas ocasiones sea posible establecer fronteras claras. En esta estrategia subyace una voluntad de integración del individuo en la comunidad, en los valores morales predominantes e incluso en un proyecto político determinado, reduciendo el riesgo sanitario y, al mismo tiempo, fomentando la cohesión social dentro del modelo político imperante en cada época o Gobierno. Asimismo, la lucha antituberculosa se convirtió en materia de debate público y hasta de grandes controversias, lo cual tuvo igualmente su reflejo en los medios de comunicación. La existencia de prensa médica especializada en tuberculosis pone de manifiesto un creciente número de profesionales dedicados al tratamiento de la enfermedad a medida que avanzaba el siglo XX. En cuanto a la prensa de información general, la presencia habitual del tema de la lucha antituberculosa en el continuo informativo es un síntoma claro de que la enfermedad fue objeto de interés público desde que la campaña comenzó a tomar forma. Además, estas publicaciones no se limitaron a reflejar lo que ocurría a su alrededor, especialmente los hitos más significativos, sino que también recogieron la opinión de los especialistas y generaron interés público en torno al problema de la tuberculosis...
The object of this paper is the study of the fight against tuberculosis in Spain from a historical perspective in Social Communication. The time span submitted to study goes from the Borbonic Restoration in 1874 to the reorganization in the year 1958 of the National Antituberculosis Board (the healthcare institution dedicated to fight tuberculosis during Franco’s regime).Sanitary divulgation was one of the few tools with which to face tuberculosis as long as its social causes (poor life conditions in general, and particularly in everything having to do with living, working conditions and food) were not erradicated. Even if these causes were perfectly known, introducing hygienic and behavioral guidelines among risk groups was considered to be much more feasible than carrying out changes in the structural causes of massive contagion. This divulgation is inserted in the prevailing value system of each given historic period, and is a true reflection of a specific understanding of society, the illness and of the mutual connections established between them. Therefore, communication must be considered a key factor. Recognizing their importance, communicative declarations in the fight against tuberculosis are analyzed in depth within their context and historical perspective, defining their purpose and pointing out the prejudices, the ideological anticipations and the models of society and coexistence underlying in this discourse. Antituberculosis campaigns were therefore important communication campaigns in which sanitary divulgation and the intent to lead the population to behaviors and life styles according to the beliefs and interests of those issuing the campaign (generally medical and political elites) mingle, without it being possible in many occasions to establish clear frontiers. This strategy has an underlying will to integrate the individual in the community, under the predominant moral values and even in a determined political project, reducing the sanitary risk and, at the same time, encouraging social cohesion within the leading political model of each period or government. Additionally, the fight against tuberculosis became a matter of public debate and even of great controversy, that were also reflected in the media. The existence of medical journals specialized in tuberculosis shows a growing number of professionals dedicated to treating the illness as the XXth century advanced. As to general information press, the constant and regular appearance of topics related with the fight against tuberculosis is a clear symptom that the illness was the object of public interest from the beginning of the campaign. Furthermore, these publications not only reflected what was taking place in their environment, specially the most important milestones, but also included the opinion of specialists and generated public interest around the problem of tuberculosis...
The object of this paper is the study of the fight against tuberculosis in Spain from a historical perspective in Social Communication. The time span submitted to study goes from the Borbonic Restoration in 1874 to the reorganization in the year 1958 of the National Antituberculosis Board (the healthcare institution dedicated to fight tuberculosis during Franco’s regime).Sanitary divulgation was one of the few tools with which to face tuberculosis as long as its social causes (poor life conditions in general, and particularly in everything having to do with living, working conditions and food) were not erradicated. Even if these causes were perfectly known, introducing hygienic and behavioral guidelines among risk groups was considered to be much more feasible than carrying out changes in the structural causes of massive contagion. This divulgation is inserted in the prevailing value system of each given historic period, and is a true reflection of a specific understanding of society, the illness and of the mutual connections established between them. Therefore, communication must be considered a key factor. Recognizing their importance, communicative declarations in the fight against tuberculosis are analyzed in depth within their context and historical perspective, defining their purpose and pointing out the prejudices, the ideological anticipations and the models of society and coexistence underlying in this discourse. Antituberculosis campaigns were therefore important communication campaigns in which sanitary divulgation and the intent to lead the population to behaviors and life styles according to the beliefs and interests of those issuing the campaign (generally medical and political elites) mingle, without it being possible in many occasions to establish clear frontiers. This strategy has an underlying will to integrate the individual in the community, under the predominant moral values and even in a determined political project, reducing the sanitary risk and, at the same time, encouraging social cohesion within the leading political model of each period or government. Additionally, the fight against tuberculosis became a matter of public debate and even of great controversy, that were also reflected in the media. The existence of medical journals specialized in tuberculosis shows a growing number of professionals dedicated to treating the illness as the XXth century advanced. As to general information press, the constant and regular appearance of topics related with the fight against tuberculosis is a clear symptom that the illness was the object of public interest from the beginning of the campaign. Furthermore, these publications not only reflected what was taking place in their environment, specially the most important milestones, but also included the opinion of specialists and generated public interest around the problem of tuberculosis...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Información, Departamento de Historia de la Comunicación Social, leída el 14-01-2016