Publication: Los marcos de referencia políticos del Movimiento Al Socialismo boliviano (1995-2005)
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2017-04-28
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La presente tesis es el primer estudio sistemático de una cantidad sustancial de la producción textual del Movimiento Al Socialismo Boliviano (MAS) entre su fundación en 1995 y su victoria en las elecciones generales de 2005. En su viaje hacia el triunfo electoral y el poder político, el MAS desarrolló un intenso trabajo de significación de la realidad del país. Las características de esa estrategia discursiva –o, más exactamente, de su esfuerzo de resignificación semántica sobre el contexto social y político– conforman el núcleo central de la presente investigación doctoral. Analizar el sistema de representaciones de la organización que se convirtió en partido de gobierno y formación hegemónica en Bolivia constituye un camino fundamental para entender los cambios en la sociedad boliviana a lo largo del período de ascenso del MAS y esclarecer las razones de su éxito. Para tal fin, decidimos adoptar una técnica de análisis de discurso que nació y se desarrolló durante las últimas décadas en la sociología de los movimientos sociales y de la acción colectiva: el análisis de marcos de referencia. En años más recientes, dicho método se ha ido abriendo paso en los campos de la ciencia y la sociología políticas, en el cruce de las cuales se sitúa el presente trabajo. Los marcos de referencia son esquemas cognitivos integrados en el discurso de los actores políticos. Su función es organizar la experiencia y proponer al público una interpretación de la realidad y una línea de conducta a seguir. Al opinar sobre los hechos sociales, los partidos no sólo expresan su sustrato ideológico, sino que también llevan a cabo un esfuerzo de persuasión dirigido al electorado. A este esfuerzo de proponer significados colectivamente sugerentes corresponde el verbo “enmarcar”...
This thesis is the first systematic study of a significant portion of the textual production of the Bolivian Movement for Socialism (MAS) between its foundation in 1995 and its victory in the 2005 general elections. In its journey towards electoral majority MAS carried out an intense signifying work on the Bolivian reality. The characteristics of that rhetoric —or, more precisely, its effort to semantically reinterpret the social and political context— make up the core of this doctoral research. Analyzing the representation system of the organization that would eventually become the governing party and hegemonic formation in Bolivia is a fundamental path to understand the change in Bolivian society during the rise of MAS and shed light on the reasons for its success. To this end we employ a discourse analysis technique developed in the last decades within the sociology of social movements and collective action: frame analysis. In recent years this method has yielded breakthroughs in political sciences and sociology, the fields at the intersection of which the scope of this work falls into. Frames are cognitive frameworks integrated in the rhetoric of political actors. They organize the experience and offer the public an interpretation of reality that functions as a guideline to their actions. By expressing their opinion on social events, parties not only convey their ideological substrate but also attempt to persuade the electorate. This effort of proposing collectively suggestive meanings is what “framing” is about. Up until now, the most widely circulated hypothesis explaining the victorious journey of the peasant political instrument has been centered on its ability to assemble the demands of different protest sectors —within a mobilization cycle stretching out from the Cochabamba Water War in 2000 to the December 2005 general elections— and to translate them into an institutional setting. To many researchers this ability is tightly connected to the idea of the refounding of the Bolivian State proposed by MAS and inspired by an indigenous nationalism of inclusive nature. This phenomenon, the ethnification of politics, has been almost unanimously pointed out by the academic and political world as one of the reasons behind the success of MAS...
This thesis is the first systematic study of a significant portion of the textual production of the Bolivian Movement for Socialism (MAS) between its foundation in 1995 and its victory in the 2005 general elections. In its journey towards electoral majority MAS carried out an intense signifying work on the Bolivian reality. The characteristics of that rhetoric —or, more precisely, its effort to semantically reinterpret the social and political context— make up the core of this doctoral research. Analyzing the representation system of the organization that would eventually become the governing party and hegemonic formation in Bolivia is a fundamental path to understand the change in Bolivian society during the rise of MAS and shed light on the reasons for its success. To this end we employ a discourse analysis technique developed in the last decades within the sociology of social movements and collective action: frame analysis. In recent years this method has yielded breakthroughs in political sciences and sociology, the fields at the intersection of which the scope of this work falls into. Frames are cognitive frameworks integrated in the rhetoric of political actors. They organize the experience and offer the public an interpretation of reality that functions as a guideline to their actions. By expressing their opinion on social events, parties not only convey their ideological substrate but also attempt to persuade the electorate. This effort of proposing collectively suggestive meanings is what “framing” is about. Up until now, the most widely circulated hypothesis explaining the victorious journey of the peasant political instrument has been centered on its ability to assemble the demands of different protest sectors —within a mobilization cycle stretching out from the Cochabamba Water War in 2000 to the December 2005 general elections— and to translate them into an institutional setting. To many researchers this ability is tightly connected to the idea of the refounding of the Bolivian State proposed by MAS and inspired by an indigenous nationalism of inclusive nature. This phenomenon, the ethnification of politics, has been almost unanimously pointed out by the academic and political world as one of the reasons behind the success of MAS...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, leída el 08/01/2016