Publication: Responsabilidad internacional penal del individuo por violaciones de normas de derecho internacional humanitario relativas a la protección de las personas civiles y la población civil en los conflictos armados internos
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2017-06-07
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La institución de la responsabilidad internacional penal del individuo por violaciones graves del derecho internacional humanitario y de los derechos humanos se consagró tras los juicios de los tribunales penales internacionales de Nüremberg y Tokio (1945- 1946). Éste acontecimiento sentó las bases para evitar que en el futuro los responsables de cometer crímenes horrorosos, sobre todo contra personas civiles durante un conflicto armado internacional, quedaran impunes. Sin embargo, la implementación de este tipo de responsabilidad no volvió a escenificarse nuevamente por la ausencia de conflictos armados que involucrasen directamente a potencias militares y se aplicara la justicia de los vencedores hacia los vencidos, más bien los grandes conflictos armados dejaron de ser internacionales, dificultando por tanto que surgiera un nuevo episodio de rendición de cuentas. Por otro lado, la Guerra Fría que libró a la humanidad de un enfrentamiento bélico a escala apocalíptica entre las superpotencias Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética, degeneró en un problema quizás mayor que el provocado durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial contra las personas civiles, y es que al interior de diversos Estados recién formados producto de la descolonización y guerras de independencia, particularmente en África y Asia, y Estados dirigidos por gobiernos dictatoriales o regímenes militares poco democráticos como lo sucedido en la mayoría de los Estados latinoamericanos, la guerra ideológica de las superpotencias desencadenó el surgimiento de conflictos armados internos en esos Estados, en cuyo contexto no estaba totalmente claro si la implementación de la responsabilidad internacional penal del individuo en esos escenarios podría tener cabida; y mientras ello ocurría, miles de seres humanos perecían, en su mayoría personas civiles, sin que tuvieran ninguna vinculación con los combatientes...
The establishment of international criminal responsibility of individuals who violate the rules of international humanitarian law regarding the protection of civilians and the civilian population during an internal armed conflict is an undeniable reality today. Proof of this has been the implementation of specific international jurisdictional mechanisms which, in these types of conflicts, has enabled the international persecution of individuals who have presumably committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. This practice has been exemplified, on the one hand, by the creation of ad hoc international criminal tribunals and some mixed tribunals, particularly the one in Sierra Leone, and on the other hand, by the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC). In addition to this, in the last 25 years we have been able to see the implementation and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction by some States, also with the aim of promoting the international criminal persecution of individuals for committing the indicated crimes during an internal armed conflict. This is a reflection of developments made in regulations over the past 50 years in which the protection of victims of armed conflicts, especially civilians and the civilian population, has occupied the first order of issues regulated by public international law, resulting primarily from the continuous process of humanization that this juridical order is experiencing. Nevertheless, at the same time as the international criminal responsibility of individuals in the context of internal armed conflicts has emerged, some issues that had already been resolved have once again become the topic of juridical and political debate. Therefore, they need to be re-analyzed and studied in such a way that they can adapt to this new stage, one marked by the repression of international crimes...
The establishment of international criminal responsibility of individuals who violate the rules of international humanitarian law regarding the protection of civilians and the civilian population during an internal armed conflict is an undeniable reality today. Proof of this has been the implementation of specific international jurisdictional mechanisms which, in these types of conflicts, has enabled the international persecution of individuals who have presumably committed war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. This practice has been exemplified, on the one hand, by the creation of ad hoc international criminal tribunals and some mixed tribunals, particularly the one in Sierra Leone, and on the other hand, by the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC). In addition to this, in the last 25 years we have been able to see the implementation and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction by some States, also with the aim of promoting the international criminal persecution of individuals for committing the indicated crimes during an internal armed conflict. This is a reflection of developments made in regulations over the past 50 years in which the protection of victims of armed conflicts, especially civilians and the civilian population, has occupied the first order of issues regulated by public international law, resulting primarily from the continuous process of humanization that this juridical order is experiencing. Nevertheless, at the same time as the international criminal responsibility of individuals in the context of internal armed conflicts has emerged, some issues that had already been resolved have once again become the topic of juridical and political debate. Therefore, they need to be re-analyzed and studied in such a way that they can adapt to this new stage, one marked by the repression of international crimes...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, Departamento de Derecho Internacional y Relaciones Internacionales, leída el 09-10-2015