Publication: La delimitación de los espacios públicos en Pompeya
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2017-11-20
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Esta Tesis doctoral se centra en el estudio de la delimitación de los espacios públicos en la ciudad romana de Pompeya para conocer la organización de los distintos espacios tanto dentro como fuera de la ciudad. Pompeya es una ciudad que nos brinda la posibilidad de realizar un estudio de esta índole, ya que es considerada una cápsula del tiempo y podemos ver en ella el ejemplo más claro de cómo se organizaba urbanísticamente una ciudad romana en el siglo I d.C. Cuando hacemos referencia a espacios públicos no sólo nos referimos a las plazas y vías públicas, a las partes que las componen (como las aceras), y a los elementos de servicios públicos (como las fuentes públicas y las torres de agua), sino también a otros espacios de la ciudad que aunque no siempre tuviesen una función pública propiamente dicha, son lugares que se utilizaban públicamente por los ciudadanos. Estos espacios son los templos y los compita que encontramos repartidos a lo largo de las distintas calles de la ciudad, son considerados res sacrae; los espacios de ocio como los teatros, anfiteatros o palestras, que son res publicae in publico uso o res universitatis; la muralla y las puertas que rodeaban la ciudad que son considerados res sanctae; y finalmente, los espacios destinados a las sepulturas donde se enterraban los individuos que son los res religiosa. Para analizar la delimitación de todos estos espacios se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de los bloques irregulares de piedra (termini) que los delimitan. Estos termini estaban fuertemente protegidos por la legislación, por un derecho consuetudinario y por preceptos religiosos. Por ello, a todo aquel que osara mover o sobrepasar dichos termini con la construcción de edificios se le impondría una sanción por parte de la ciudad e incluso en algunos casos por parte del emperador. Ejemplos de estas sanciones las podemos observar en Pompeya con la intervención del tribuno militar Titus Suedius Clemens, que fue enviado a la ciudad con potestad tribunicia por parte del emperador para restituir a la ciudad los lugares públicos usurpados por los ciudadanos. El estudio de la legislación ha sido clave para analizar la delimitación de estos espacios y sus posibles invasiones. A través de los textos legislativos hemos averiguado cuál era la norma que debía seguir una ciudad romana en la delimitación de sus distintos espacios y hemos comprobado si la ciudad de Pompeya cumplía con rigor la normativa urbanística. A lo largo de las vías de Pompeya hemos observado cómo algunos particulares invadían los espacios públicos introduciendo parte de las fachadas de sus edificios en las aceras, infringiendo así las normas urbanas. En otros casos, construían escalones en las entradas de sus viviendas, lo que facilitaba el acceso a sus residencias, pero quebrantaba la norma urbana de la delimitación de los espacios. No sólo los particulares invadían los espacios públicos, el gobierno municipal también llevó a cabo esta práctica ocupando suelo público para construir elementos de servicio como fuentes o torres de agua. La invasión de las aceras, fuera por parte de particulares o de la administración municipal, impedía el tránsito de los peatones por ellas. Finalmente, hemos observado como algunas de estas usurpaciones de los espacios públicos contaban con permiso de los decuriones de la ciudad. Éste era el caso de algunos monumentos funerarios localizados junto a la muralla de la ciudad o algunas estatuas honorarias situadas en distintas plazas públicas.
This thesis is focused on the study of the delimitation of the public spaces in the ancient Pompeii, with the purpose of understanding how these spaces were organized within as well as outside the city wall. Pompeii provides the possibility to examine the delimitation of the public spaces thanks to its status of conservation, thus it constitutes a unique source of knowledge about the urban planning of a city in the 1st century AD. Different spaces are referred to as “public spaces”. Firstly, public spaces are squares, streets, their architectural components (such as the sidewalks), and structures having public function as the fountains and the water towers. However, other spaces are considered as “public” as well, because they were commonly used by citizens, although they had not a strictly public function. Among these are the temples and the compita, that we find in different point of the city and are considered res sacrae. There are also the recreational spaces as the amphitheatres and the gymnasiums, considered as res publicae in publico uso or res universitatis. The city wall and the city gates are public spaces as well, and were considered res sanctae. Finally, the burial spaces are also included in the category of public spaces and were considered res religiosa. To analyze the delimitation of the public spaces, the boundary stones, called termini, were examined. These stones were carefully protected by the urban laws; consuetudinary or customs, as well as religious precepts, also existed about the treatment of these stones. Specific measures were taken and penalties were applied by the urban council, or even by the emperor, for those who moved these termini or exceeded the line they marked when constructing a private building. For instance, in Pompeii, the military tribune Titus Suedius Clemens was in charge of recover the public spaces which had been occupied by private buildings, on emperor’s behalf. Moreover, the urban law were studied to characterize the practice of delimiting public spaces and to appraise the invasions on them. The norms regulating the demarcation of boundaries in a Roman city were analyzed. Furthermore, an assessment of the degree of compliance with these norms in Pompeii. In some cases, citizens occupied the public space by constructing parts of the façade of their private buildings over the sidewalks, and thus violating the norm. In other cases, they built stairways over the sidewalks to provide easier access to their dwellings, but this was also a violation of the urban norm. Some invasion of the public soil could be carried out by order of the city council to construct urban or architectural elements for public service, for example fountains and water towers. The invasion of the sidewalk, regardless the author and the purpose, was a nuisance to pedestrians. Finally, some use of the public soil for private purposes was expressly allowed by the city council. In particular, burial places next to the city wall, as well as areas to locate honorary statues in public squares, were often awarded by decree of the city council.
This thesis is focused on the study of the delimitation of the public spaces in the ancient Pompeii, with the purpose of understanding how these spaces were organized within as well as outside the city wall. Pompeii provides the possibility to examine the delimitation of the public spaces thanks to its status of conservation, thus it constitutes a unique source of knowledge about the urban planning of a city in the 1st century AD. Different spaces are referred to as “public spaces”. Firstly, public spaces are squares, streets, their architectural components (such as the sidewalks), and structures having public function as the fountains and the water towers. However, other spaces are considered as “public” as well, because they were commonly used by citizens, although they had not a strictly public function. Among these are the temples and the compita, that we find in different point of the city and are considered res sacrae. There are also the recreational spaces as the amphitheatres and the gymnasiums, considered as res publicae in publico uso or res universitatis. The city wall and the city gates are public spaces as well, and were considered res sanctae. Finally, the burial spaces are also included in the category of public spaces and were considered res religiosa. To analyze the delimitation of the public spaces, the boundary stones, called termini, were examined. These stones were carefully protected by the urban laws; consuetudinary or customs, as well as religious precepts, also existed about the treatment of these stones. Specific measures were taken and penalties were applied by the urban council, or even by the emperor, for those who moved these termini or exceeded the line they marked when constructing a private building. For instance, in Pompeii, the military tribune Titus Suedius Clemens was in charge of recover the public spaces which had been occupied by private buildings, on emperor’s behalf. Moreover, the urban law were studied to characterize the practice of delimiting public spaces and to appraise the invasions on them. The norms regulating the demarcation of boundaries in a Roman city were analyzed. Furthermore, an assessment of the degree of compliance with these norms in Pompeii. In some cases, citizens occupied the public space by constructing parts of the façade of their private buildings over the sidewalks, and thus violating the norm. In other cases, they built stairways over the sidewalks to provide easier access to their dwellings, but this was also a violation of the urban norm. Some invasion of the public soil could be carried out by order of the city council to construct urban or architectural elements for public service, for example fountains and water towers. The invasion of the sidewalk, regardless the author and the purpose, was a nuisance to pedestrians. Finally, some use of the public soil for private purposes was expressly allowed by the city council. In particular, burial places next to the city wall, as well as areas to locate honorary statues in public squares, were often awarded by decree of the city council.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, leída el 26-06-2017