Publication: Avances en el conocimiento de la familia Myrmeleontidade (Insecta, Neuroptera) de la Península Ibérica y Baleares: estadios larvarios, filogenia y modelos de distribución
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2017-11-30
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La familia Myrmeleontidae, cuyos miembros son comúnmente conocidos como hormigas-león, pertenece al orden Neuroptera, uno de los órdenes más antiguos dentro de los insectos con metamorfosis completa (Endopterygota). Este orden muestra una gran variedad de formas debido a su antigüedad, haciendo complicado establecer una diagnosis óptima. Dentro de los neurópteros existen 17 familias actuales, con aproximadamente 6000 especies. Estudios filogenéticos recientes han terminado de demostrar que se trata de un grupo monofilético. En Neuroptera existen, a su vez, tres subórdenes bien soportados: Nevrorthiformia, Hemerobiiformia y Myrmeleontiformia. En este último suborden se encuentran la familia Myrmeleontidae. Dentro de la gran diversidad del orden Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae es la familia que ha alcanzado un mayor éxito evolutivo, probablemente debido a las adaptaciones que se han dado en sus estadios larvarios. El origen de esta familia data del Cretácico Inferior, y existen unas 2000 especies actuales. Los miembros de Myrmeleontidae están distribuidos por todos los continentes excepto en las zonas más frías, concentrándose generalmente en zonas templadas, tropicales o subtropicales, y son particularmente características de lugares cálidos y xéricos con suelos arenosos o rocas friables. Estos animales eran considerados como seres mitológicos desde la Antigüedad, debido a que las larvas de algunas especies fabrican trampas de caída en forma de cono. Los estudios sobre esta familia se han basado históricamente en las especies que construyen este tipo de trampas, pese a que la mayoría de especies no las fabrican. Como características generales de la familia, que comparten con casi todas las familias de neurópteros, los imagos poseen el cuerpo blando, dos grandes ojos y cuatro alas subiguales en tamaño y normalmente estrechas, que no les permiten volar grandes distancias. Las larvas son robustas y campodeiformes, y poseen las mandíbulas y las maxilas acopladas formando dos piezas muy alargadas y curvadas que sobresalen notablemente de la cabeza. Las pupas son décticas y exaradas, y sus piezas bucales están muy desarrolladas...
The family Myrmeleontidae, whose members are commonly known as antlions, belongs to the order Neuroptera, one of the most ancient orders of insects with complete metamorphosis (Endopterygota). This order shows a great variety of forms due to its antiquity, obscuring its optimal diagnosis. Within the neuropterans there are 17 extant families with approximately 6000 species. Recent phylogenetic studies have confirmed that the order is a monophyletic group. Neuroptera is divided in three well supported suborders: Nevrorthiformia, Hemerobiiformia and Myrmeleontiformia, this lasting including Myrmeleontidae. Within the great diversity of the order Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae is the family that has reached a greater evolutionary success, probably due to the high specialization of its larval stages. The family originated at the Lower Cretaceous, and there are about 2000 extant species. Members of Myrmeleontidae are distributed in all continents except in Antarctica, generally showing higher species diversity in temperate, tropical or subtropical zones, and particularly in warm and xeric places with sandy soils or friable rocks. The larvae of Myrmeleontidae were known as mythological animals since Antiquity, because larvae of some species make cone-shaped pit-fall traps. Because of this, studies of this family have historically focused on those pit-fall traps building species, although the majority of species do not make them. As general characteristics of the family, shared with most other neuropteran families, the imagoes have a soft body, two large eyes and four wings, subequal in size, and usually narrow, not allowing them to fly great distances. The larvae are robust and campodeiforms and bear paired jaws and maxillae, coupled forming two very elongated and curved pieces that protrude notably from the head. The pupae are decticous and exarate, and their mouthparts have a great development...
The family Myrmeleontidae, whose members are commonly known as antlions, belongs to the order Neuroptera, one of the most ancient orders of insects with complete metamorphosis (Endopterygota). This order shows a great variety of forms due to its antiquity, obscuring its optimal diagnosis. Within the neuropterans there are 17 extant families with approximately 6000 species. Recent phylogenetic studies have confirmed that the order is a monophyletic group. Neuroptera is divided in three well supported suborders: Nevrorthiformia, Hemerobiiformia and Myrmeleontiformia, this lasting including Myrmeleontidae. Within the great diversity of the order Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae is the family that has reached a greater evolutionary success, probably due to the high specialization of its larval stages. The family originated at the Lower Cretaceous, and there are about 2000 extant species. Members of Myrmeleontidae are distributed in all continents except in Antarctica, generally showing higher species diversity in temperate, tropical or subtropical zones, and particularly in warm and xeric places with sandy soils or friable rocks. The larvae of Myrmeleontidae were known as mythological animals since Antiquity, because larvae of some species make cone-shaped pit-fall traps. Because of this, studies of this family have historically focused on those pit-fall traps building species, although the majority of species do not make them. As general characteristics of the family, shared with most other neuropteran families, the imagoes have a soft body, two large eyes and four wings, subequal in size, and usually narrow, not allowing them to fly great distances. The larvae are robust and campodeiforms and bear paired jaws and maxillae, coupled forming two very elongated and curved pieces that protrude notably from the head. The pupae are decticous and exarate, and their mouthparts have a great development...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, leída el 3-02-2017