Publication: Mecanismos subyacentes a la toxicidad de nanopartículas metálicas: aproximaciones "in vitro e in vivo"
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2017-12-01
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Desde que se descubrió a inicios del siglo XXI que materiales conocidos, tales como los metales, sintetizados en escala nanométrica, presentaban propiedades extraordinarias y sorprendentes, que podrían ser muy beneficiosas y remodelar nuestro futuro, el número de nuevos materiales ha ido aumentando de forma exponencial. Los nanomateriales manufacturados (NMs) son materiales sintetizados por el hombre constituidos por partículas que poseen en al menos una de sus dimensiones un tamaño de entre 1 y 100 nm (ISO, 2016; EU, 2011). Este tamaño es importante desde un punto de vista regulatorio pero, en realidad, cuando se trabaja en el laboratorio estos límites se desdibujan pudiendo hablar de NMs de algunos cientos de nms. En cualquier caso, antes de que el potencial de estos NMs pueda ser conocido por completo, es responsabilidad nuestra asegurar que todo el proceso de desarrollo lleve a la fabricación de materiales seguros. Como consecuencia de esta necesidad ha surgido la nanotoxicología que, por definición, es el estudio de los posibles efectos tóxicos de los NMs. Por el momento, las nanotecnologías están avanzando mucho más deprisa que nuestra capacidad de aprendizaje por lo que existe desconocimiento e incertidumbre sobre los posibles riesgos de estos NMs. Por lo tanto, el estudio de los posibles efectos toxicológicos (peligro) de los NMs, como parte de la evaluación del riesgo, es extremadamente importante para ahondar en nuestro conocimiento de los posibles impactos en la salud medio ambiental y humana (riesgos). En la actualidad existe una cierta preocupación social por el comportamiento impredecible de los materiales a escala nano, por su distribución generalizada y persistencia en el medio ambiente así como por su capacidad de penetración y de causar efectos adversos en los sistemas vivos. En la introducción general (capítulo 1) de esta tesis, se presenta el conocimiento actual en el área de la nanotoxicología así como las regulaciones que aseguran el uso sostenible y seguro de los NMS. Esta introducción se centra especialmente en el grupo de nanopartículas (NPs) metálicas y óxido-metálicas de mayor uso industrial y comercial, principalmente las de ZnO, Cu, Ag y Au, describiendo sus propiedades individuales, aplicaciones y posibles riesgos...
Since the turn of the 21st century new materials are emerging through our discovery that well-known materials (e.g. metals) at nanometer scale have extraordinary and surprising properties that could shape our future. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are those man-made materials constituted by particles that have at least one of their dimensions between 1 and 100 nm (EU 2011, ISO 2016). Of course, these limits in size are important for regulatory purposes but when people are working in a laboratory they become wider, and we can talk about NMs of some hundreds of nanometres in size. In any case, before these ENMs full potential can be realised it is our responsibility to ensure that they are engineered as safe materials. This necessity has led to the emergence of nanotoxicology which is by definition the study of the potential toxicological effects of nanomaterials. Presently nanotechnologies are advancing faster than our rate of learning, there are gaps in our knowledge and uncertainties which may lead to as yet unknown risks. Studying the potential toxicological effects (hazards) of nanomaterials as part of a risk assessment is therefore extremely important to deepen our understanding of the potential environmental and health impacts (risks). Concerns lie in the unpredictable behaviour of materials at nanoscale, their potential widespread distribution in the environment, and translocation within body systems due to their size. Within this thesis a general introduction (chapter 1) gives a detailed background to the area of nanotoxicology and the current regulations we rely on to ensure the sustainable and safe use of ENMs. Specifically it introduces the metal and metal oxide groups of nanoparticles (NPs) used widely both industrially and commercially (namely ZnO, Cu, Ag and Au) and outlines their individual properties, applications and potential risks...
Since the turn of the 21st century new materials are emerging through our discovery that well-known materials (e.g. metals) at nanometer scale have extraordinary and surprising properties that could shape our future. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are those man-made materials constituted by particles that have at least one of their dimensions between 1 and 100 nm (EU 2011, ISO 2016). Of course, these limits in size are important for regulatory purposes but when people are working in a laboratory they become wider, and we can talk about NMs of some hundreds of nanometres in size. In any case, before these ENMs full potential can be realised it is our responsibility to ensure that they are engineered as safe materials. This necessity has led to the emergence of nanotoxicology which is by definition the study of the potential toxicological effects of nanomaterials. Presently nanotechnologies are advancing faster than our rate of learning, there are gaps in our knowledge and uncertainties which may lead to as yet unknown risks. Studying the potential toxicological effects (hazards) of nanomaterials as part of a risk assessment is therefore extremely important to deepen our understanding of the potential environmental and health impacts (risks). Concerns lie in the unpredictable behaviour of materials at nanoscale, their potential widespread distribution in the environment, and translocation within body systems due to their size. Within this thesis a general introduction (chapter 1) gives a detailed background to the area of nanotoxicology and the current regulations we rely on to ensure the sustainable and safe use of ENMs. Specifically it introduces the metal and metal oxide groups of nanoparticles (NPs) used widely both industrially and commercially (namely ZnO, Cu, Ag and Au) and outlines their individual properties, applications and potential risks...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, leída el 12-05-2017