Publication: La Filosofía buddhista de la Vía Media
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2017-09
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Abstract
La doctrina del Buddha se caracteriza por su aspecto práctico: la finalidad de alcanzar la liberación del sufrimiento, siendo éste un efecto del que se precisa entender la causa. El propósito de esta investigación ha sido profundizar en los fundamentos filosóficos cuya comprensión permite emprender la Vía Media propuesta por el Buddha. Indagar sobre el significado de la Vía Media buddhista requiere situarla en el debate intelectual de su contexto filosófico-histórico, en diálogo con el cual surgió la doctrina (Dhamma) del Buddha, una Vía Media entre los extremos de las visiones eternalista y aniquilacionista, hegemónicas en aquel contexto. Esta Vía Media se sustenta en la teoría causal del Surgimiento Dependiente (paticcasamuppāda), que el Buddha indujo a partir de la experiencia empírica de los sentidos. Se ha reforzado la explicación teórica de la Vía Media con el rigor escolástico que desarrolló posteriormente Nāgārjuna, dada su estricta fidelidad a la filosofía del Buddha. Además, se ha descrito la filosofía práctica del Buddha, una Vía Media entre los extremos del sensualismo y el ascetismo, a partir del Surgimiento Dependiente, cuya recta comprensión resulta imprescindible para lograr la liberación (nibbāna) del sufrimiento, fruto último del Dhamma, que se corresponde con el ideal de responsabilidad moral que representa el Óctuple Sendero. Cabe concluir que el Nibbāna no es, en coherencia con la filosofía de la Vía Media, una experiencia trascendental ni una noción metafísica, sino la experiencia concreta y finita de una mentalidad moralmente íntegra, que siempre tiene lugar en interacción con un contexto determinado.
The Buddha’s doctrine may be characterized by its practical stance: the objective of freeing oneself of suffering, a suffering that demands to know its root cause. The purpose of this research was to delve into the philosophical foundations whose comprehension starts off the Middle Way proposed by the Buddha. To explore the meaning of the Buddhist Middle Way requires to place it within the intellectual debate of its historical-philosophical context, a debate that gave birth to the Buddha’s doctrine(Dhamma), a Middle Way in between the eternalist and the annihilationist visions, prevailing in that context. This Middle Way lies on the causal theory of Dependent Arising (paticcasamuppāda), which the Buddha inferred from the empirical experience of senses. The theoretical explanation of the Middle Way has been reinforced by the scholastic rigor of Nagarjuna who, in the author’s opinion, was strictly loyal to the Buddha’s philosophy. Besides, the Buddha’s practical philosophy, suggesting ‘stay in between the extremes of sensualism and ascetism’, has been described by the Dependent Arising, whose right comprehension is ‘a must’ to get the freedom (nibbāna) of suffering, and a last fruit of Dhamma, which is linked to the ideal of moral responsibility represented by the Eightfold Path. A final plausible conclusion may be drawn – that Nibbāna is not, according to the Middle Way’s philosophy, a transcendental experience nor a metaphysical notion, but the concrete and finite experience of a mentality that is morally integral and that it always comes about in one’s interaction with a given context.
The Buddha’s doctrine may be characterized by its practical stance: the objective of freeing oneself of suffering, a suffering that demands to know its root cause. The purpose of this research was to delve into the philosophical foundations whose comprehension starts off the Middle Way proposed by the Buddha. To explore the meaning of the Buddhist Middle Way requires to place it within the intellectual debate of its historical-philosophical context, a debate that gave birth to the Buddha’s doctrine(Dhamma), a Middle Way in between the eternalist and the annihilationist visions, prevailing in that context. This Middle Way lies on the causal theory of Dependent Arising (paticcasamuppāda), which the Buddha inferred from the empirical experience of senses. The theoretical explanation of the Middle Way has been reinforced by the scholastic rigor of Nagarjuna who, in the author’s opinion, was strictly loyal to the Buddha’s philosophy. Besides, the Buddha’s practical philosophy, suggesting ‘stay in between the extremes of sensualism and ascetism’, has been described by the Dependent Arising, whose right comprehension is ‘a must’ to get the freedom (nibbāna) of suffering, and a last fruit of Dhamma, which is linked to the ideal of moral responsibility represented by the Eightfold Path. A final plausible conclusion may be drawn – that Nibbāna is not, according to the Middle Way’s philosophy, a transcendental experience nor a metaphysical notion, but the concrete and finite experience of a mentality that is morally integral and that it always comes about in one’s interaction with a given context.