Publication: Influencias de género en factores de vulnerabilidad cognitiva y salud psicológica en mujeres adultas
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2018-03-09
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Estudios epidemiológicos internacionales (Piccinelli & Wilkinson, 2000; Kessler et al., 1994; 2003; 2005; King et al., 2008; WHO, 2000; 2009) y nacionales (Bones-Rocha, Pérez, Rodríguez-Sanz, Borrell, & Obiols, 2010; Grandes et al., 2011) encuentran sistemáticamente una prevalencia diferencial en trastornos mentales específicos entre hombres y mujeres, siendo más frecuentes los trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad en mujeres (Eaton, Krueger, Balsis, Skodol, Markon & Hasin, 2012; EUWMH, 2012). Entre los factores de vulnerabilidad en mujeres destacan los roles de género en la sociedad, los eventos estresantes y la mayor tendencia a utilizar estrategias de afrontamiento rumiativas (Accortt, Freeman & Allen, 2008; Hyde, Mezulis & Abramson, 2008). Diversos factores asociados al género (roles, normas y estereotipos) contribuyen a las diferencias en estrategias cognitivas de regulación emocional y afrontamiento de estrés. El género constituye una variable cognitiva moduladora de procesos intelectivos y emocionales relevantes en los procesos de autovaloración y ajuste psicológico, físico y social de las personas (Barberá, 1998; García-Mina, 2000; Martínez Benlloch, 2007). La orientación hacia las emociones y lo interpersonal, aspectos asociados tradicionalmente a las mujeres, pueden contribuir a creencias y actitudes disfuncionales generadoras de vulnerabilidad ante eventos estresantes o experiencias negativas interpersonales, incrementando la vulnerabilidad para desarrollar síntomas ansioso-depresivos y mayor percepción de estrés (Beck, 1987). Experimentar altos niveles de estrés, mayor número de eventos estresantes, tensión crónica y bajo apoyo social, con baja percepción de control, son factores que incrementan respuestas rumiativas (Nolen- Hoeksema & Jackson, 2001), exacerbando y prolongando el malestar a través de procesos atencionales, sesgos de memoria, atribuciones, razonamiento y pensamientos implicados en modelos cognitivos de vulnerabilidad (Abramson, Seligman & Teasdale, 1978; Beck, Rush, Shaw & Emery, 1979; Beck, 1987) y el estrés (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)...
International (Piccinelli & Wilkinson, 2000; Kessler et al., 1994; 2003; 2005; King et al., 2008; WHO, 2000; 2009) and national (Bones-Rocha, Pérez, Rodríguez-Sanz, Borrell, & Obiols, 2010; Grandes et al., 2011) epidemiological studies have systematically found a differential prevalence between men and women in specific mental disorders, such as mood and anxiety disorders that are more common in women (Eaton, Krueger, Balsis, Skodol, Markon & Hasin, 2012; EU-WMH, 2012). In this sense, society gender roles, stressful events, and the greater tendency to use ruminative coping strategies represent an important vulnerability factor for women (Accortt, Freeman & Allen, 2008; Hyde, Mezulis & Abramson, 2008). Several factors associated with gender (roles, norms, and stereotypes) contribute to the differences in stress coping mechanisms and emotion regulation cognitive strategies. Gender has been shown to be a cognitive modulating variable of the emotional and intellectual processes involved in one’s selfappraisal and social, physical, and psychological adjustment (Barberá, 1998; García-Mina, 2000; Martínez Benlloch, 2007). Interpersonal and emotional aspects that have been traditionally associated with women can contribute to dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs that may intensify their vulnerability to stressful events or negative interpersonal experiences and increase the probability of suffering anxiety and depressive symptoms (Beck, 1987). High levels of perceived stress, a greater number of stressful events, chronic stress, and poor social support, with low levels of perceived control tend to increase rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema & Jackson, 2001). This can aggravate and extend the level of discomfort through attentional processes, memory biases, attributions, reasoning, and thoughts involved in vulnerability cognitive models (Abramson, Seligman & Teasdale, 1978; Beck, Rush, Shaw & Emery, 1979; Beck, 1987) and stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Thus, it is of great importance to identify the cognitive variables present in conformity to gender norms in females in order to understand the factors involved in negative emotional experiences and perceived stress in women due to the effect that coping strategies and emotion regulation have on psychological well-being (Aldao, 2013; Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010; Brown & Barlow, 2009; Cano-Vindel, 2011; Gross, 2007; Watson, Clark & Stasik, 2011)...
International (Piccinelli & Wilkinson, 2000; Kessler et al., 1994; 2003; 2005; King et al., 2008; WHO, 2000; 2009) and national (Bones-Rocha, Pérez, Rodríguez-Sanz, Borrell, & Obiols, 2010; Grandes et al., 2011) epidemiological studies have systematically found a differential prevalence between men and women in specific mental disorders, such as mood and anxiety disorders that are more common in women (Eaton, Krueger, Balsis, Skodol, Markon & Hasin, 2012; EU-WMH, 2012). In this sense, society gender roles, stressful events, and the greater tendency to use ruminative coping strategies represent an important vulnerability factor for women (Accortt, Freeman & Allen, 2008; Hyde, Mezulis & Abramson, 2008). Several factors associated with gender (roles, norms, and stereotypes) contribute to the differences in stress coping mechanisms and emotion regulation cognitive strategies. Gender has been shown to be a cognitive modulating variable of the emotional and intellectual processes involved in one’s selfappraisal and social, physical, and psychological adjustment (Barberá, 1998; García-Mina, 2000; Martínez Benlloch, 2007). Interpersonal and emotional aspects that have been traditionally associated with women can contribute to dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs that may intensify their vulnerability to stressful events or negative interpersonal experiences and increase the probability of suffering anxiety and depressive symptoms (Beck, 1987). High levels of perceived stress, a greater number of stressful events, chronic stress, and poor social support, with low levels of perceived control tend to increase rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema & Jackson, 2001). This can aggravate and extend the level of discomfort through attentional processes, memory biases, attributions, reasoning, and thoughts involved in vulnerability cognitive models (Abramson, Seligman & Teasdale, 1978; Beck, Rush, Shaw & Emery, 1979; Beck, 1987) and stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Thus, it is of great importance to identify the cognitive variables present in conformity to gender norms in females in order to understand the factors involved in negative emotional experiences and perceived stress in women due to the effect that coping strategies and emotion regulation have on psychological well-being (Aldao, 2013; Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010; Brown & Barlow, 2009; Cano-Vindel, 2011; Gross, 2007; Watson, Clark & Stasik, 2011)...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos II (Psicología Diferencial y del Trabajo), leída el 03-07-2017