Publication: Influencia pronóstica de la expresión inmunohistoquímica de las moléculas implicadas en las vías de señalización en cáncer de próstata
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2018-04-11
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El cáncer de próstata es, actualmente, la segunda neoplasia maligna más frecuente en la población masculina, con una estimación de 1,1 millón de nuevos casos al año en 2012, según datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) 1. Existen diferencias geográficas bien demarcadas respecto a su distribución, siendo esta elevada en Norte América, el Caribe, Brasil, algunos países del oeste de Europa, Australia y Nueva Zelanda, y muy baja en Asia, África y Oriente Medio. Es la quinta causa más frecuente de muerte en el mundo por malignidad en hombres, con una estimación de 307,000 muertes en 2012, según datos de la OMS 2. La mortalidad es más alta en poblaciones de raza negra (África subsahariana y América) y en Escandinavia. La menor tasa de mortalidad se encuentra en Asia, Oriente Medio y Norte de África. La mayoría de los pacientes a los que se diagnostica cáncer de próstata son hombres mayores de 60 años y sólo un 1% son menores de 50 3. Datos recientes indican que a partir de los 30 años se inicia la transformación maligna de las glándulas prostáticas y que el 20-25% de pacientes menores de 50 años pueden tener algún foco de cáncer en las glándulas de la próstata 4. Según datos obtenidos de estudios en autopsias, la prevalencia diagnóstica del cáncer de próstata puede variar entre el 15-20% en la población asiática y el 30-40% en la población occidental 5. En contraste con la incidencia del diagnóstico clínico, no existe una diferencia significativa en la distribución geográfica ni en las características étnicas, si bien la prevalencia sigue estando directamente relacionada con la edad. El estilo de vida y la alimentación están íntimamente ligados al desarrollo de diferentes neoplasias, entre ellas el cáncer de próstata. Existe evidencia científica del daño que producen los carcinógenos contenidos en determinadas dietas alimenticias, y los agentes oxidantes que producen inflamación crónica, creando un medio adecuado que sienta las bases para la carcinogénesis 6. Estudios epidemiológicos han asociado una dieta con alto contenido en carnes rojas y grasas animales como factores de alto riesgo. También las comidas cocinadas a altas temperaturas y a la brasa, dan resultado a la formación de aminas aromáticas heterocíclicas y carcinógenos hidrocarbonos aromáticos policíclicos 7–9. En cambio, alimentos como los ácidos grasos omega-3, el licopene del tomate, la soja, los ácidos grasos de pescado, los crucíferos vegetales (como la coliflor y el brócoli), ejercen un papel protector contra el cáncer 10. El uso de hormonas esteroideas y agentes infecciosos 11,12, también ha sido asociados a una respuesta inflamatoria del epitelio prostático. El daño epitelial y la inflamación crónica desencadenan una serie de respuestas ante la agresión continua inducida por el estrés oxidativo de las células, induciendo la expresión de glutatión-S-transferasa y ciclooxigenasa 2...
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy among world male population, with an estimation of 1,1 million new cases in 2012, according to World Health Organization (WHO) 1. There are major differences between geographical regions, being highly recurrent in North America, The Caribbean, Brazil, some Western European countries, Australia and New Zealand, and very low recurrent in Asia, Africa and Middle East. It is the fifth most frequent cause of death in the world by malignancy in men, with an estimation of 307,000 deaths in 2012, according to latest WHO publication 2. Mortality is higher in black populations in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, black Americans and Scandinavia. The lowest mortality rate is found in Asia, Middle East and North Africa. The majority of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer are men over 60 years old and only 1% are under 50 3. Recent data indicates that from the third decade of life starts the malignant transformation of the prostate glands and 20-25% of patients under 50 years may harbour a foci of cancer in their glands 4. According to data obtained from autopsy studies, diagnostic prevalence of prostate cancer can vary between 15-20% in the Asian population and between 30-40% in western population 5. In contrast to the incidence of clinical diagnosis, there is no significant difference in geographic distribution or ethnic characteristics, although prevalence remains directly related to age. Lifestyle and diet are intimately linked to the development of neoplasia, one of which is prostate cancer. There is scientific evidence of the damage of carcinogens, contained in diets, and oxidizing agents, that produce chronic inflammation, creating a suitable medium for development of cancer 6. Epidemiological studies have associated a diet with a high content of red meat and animal fats, as high risk factors. As well as meals cooked at high temperatures and charbroiling of red meat, which result in the formation of aromatic heterocyclic aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens 7–9. On the other hand, foods such as omega-3 fatty acids, tomato lycopene, soy, vegetables cruciferous (such as cauliflower and broccoli), play a protective role against cancer 10. The use of steroid hormones and infectious agents 11,12 has also been associated with an inflammatory response of prostatic epithelium. Epithelial damage and chronic inflammation trigger a series of responses to continuous aggression induced by oxidative stress in cells, inducing the expression of glutathione-S-tranferases and cyclooxygenase-2...
Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy among world male population, with an estimation of 1,1 million new cases in 2012, according to World Health Organization (WHO) 1. There are major differences between geographical regions, being highly recurrent in North America, The Caribbean, Brazil, some Western European countries, Australia and New Zealand, and very low recurrent in Asia, Africa and Middle East. It is the fifth most frequent cause of death in the world by malignancy in men, with an estimation of 307,000 deaths in 2012, according to latest WHO publication 2. Mortality is higher in black populations in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, black Americans and Scandinavia. The lowest mortality rate is found in Asia, Middle East and North Africa. The majority of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer are men over 60 years old and only 1% are under 50 3. Recent data indicates that from the third decade of life starts the malignant transformation of the prostate glands and 20-25% of patients under 50 years may harbour a foci of cancer in their glands 4. According to data obtained from autopsy studies, diagnostic prevalence of prostate cancer can vary between 15-20% in the Asian population and between 30-40% in western population 5. In contrast to the incidence of clinical diagnosis, there is no significant difference in geographic distribution or ethnic characteristics, although prevalence remains directly related to age. Lifestyle and diet are intimately linked to the development of neoplasia, one of which is prostate cancer. There is scientific evidence of the damage of carcinogens, contained in diets, and oxidizing agents, that produce chronic inflammation, creating a suitable medium for development of cancer 6. Epidemiological studies have associated a diet with a high content of red meat and animal fats, as high risk factors. As well as meals cooked at high temperatures and charbroiling of red meat, which result in the formation of aromatic heterocyclic aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens 7–9. On the other hand, foods such as omega-3 fatty acids, tomato lycopene, soy, vegetables cruciferous (such as cauliflower and broccoli), play a protective role against cancer 10. The use of steroid hormones and infectious agents 11,12 has also been associated with an inflammatory response of prostatic epithelium. Epithelial damage and chronic inflammation trigger a series of responses to continuous aggression induced by oxidative stress in cells, inducing the expression of glutathione-S-tranferases and cyclooxygenase-2...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, leída el 27/06/2017