Publication: Psiquiatría crítica en España en la década de los 70
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2018-04-17
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
A principios de los 50, la experiencia de los psiquiatras militares con el shell-shock tras la segunda guerra mundial, cambia dentro de la psiquiatría la relación entre entorno y síntomas mentales. La rápida recuperación de los veteranos de guerra en pequeñas unidades de tratamiento hace pensar en un nuevo tipo de trastorno de carácter psiconeurótico. Este nuevo trastorno aparece en condiciones de guerra y por su veloz desaparición no puede ser integrado desde las clasificaciones tradicionales. Lo social como desencadenante inevitable y el síntoma como reacción temporal son las claves de esta apertura de la psiquiatría al medio. A lo largo de las décadas de los 50 y 60 las preguntas que llevan a los estados psiconeuróticos reversibles de posguerra -¿qué tipo de asistencia necesitamos?, ¿cómo la vamos a organizar y prevenir en la comunidad?- centran los informes del Comité de Expertos de Salud Mental de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Los informes de las OMS establecen principios de prevención, investigación, instrucción y asistencia en los que la primacía de los psiquiatras y los mecanismos individuales de adaptación sostienen la respuesta ante estresores de intensidad variable. Se inicia así un análisis médico-psicológico de los procesos sociales que va a desplazar sobre el individuo y sus relaciones el estudio de los problemas comunitarios. Esta normalización coexiste durante los 60 con una lectura distinta de la relación entre psiquiatría y sociedad que invierta la polaridad de la integración higienista de los 50. Durante la década posterior a la segunda guerra mundial queda roto el ideal de progreso y su modelo positivista. El concepto socioeconómico de alienación marxista es insuficiente para dar cuenta del acatamiento y de la participación colectiva en el conflicto. Europeos y norteamericanos comienzan un análisis sociopsicológico de la irracionalidad de las masas...
In the early 1950s, the experiences of military psychiatrists with patients suffering shell shock after World War II changed the relationship between the environment and psychological symptoms as was posited by psychiatry. The fast recovery of war veterans in small treatment units suggested a new type of psychoneurotic disorder. The new disorder emerged under conditions of war and, as a result of its prompt disappearance, could not be incorporated into traditional classifications. The social as inevitable trigger and the symptom as temporary reaction were the keys to the opening of psychiatry to the environment. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the questions that revolved around postwar reversible psychoneurotic states (i.e.: What kind of care do we need? How are we going to organise the provision of such care to prevent those conditions in the community?) were the focus of the reports of the Expert Committee on Mental Health of the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO’s reports laid down a number of principles of prevention, research, instruction and care in which the dominant role played by psychiatrists and individual adaptation mechanisms underpinned the response to stressors of variable intensity. Thus a medical and psychological analysis of social processes was launched which brought about a shift towards the individual and his/her relationships in the study of community problems. After this perspective became normalised, it coexisted during the 1960s with a different reading of the relationship between psychiatry and society which reversed the polarity of the hygienic integration of the 1950s...
In the early 1950s, the experiences of military psychiatrists with patients suffering shell shock after World War II changed the relationship between the environment and psychological symptoms as was posited by psychiatry. The fast recovery of war veterans in small treatment units suggested a new type of psychoneurotic disorder. The new disorder emerged under conditions of war and, as a result of its prompt disappearance, could not be incorporated into traditional classifications. The social as inevitable trigger and the symptom as temporary reaction were the keys to the opening of psychiatry to the environment. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the questions that revolved around postwar reversible psychoneurotic states (i.e.: What kind of care do we need? How are we going to organise the provision of such care to prevent those conditions in the community?) were the focus of the reports of the Expert Committee on Mental Health of the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO’s reports laid down a number of principles of prevention, research, instruction and care in which the dominant role played by psychiatrists and individual adaptation mechanisms underpinned the response to stressors of variable intensity. Thus a medical and psychological analysis of social processes was launched which brought about a shift towards the individual and his/her relationships in the study of community problems. After this perspective became normalised, it coexisted during the 1960s with a different reading of the relationship between psychiatry and society which reversed the polarity of the hygienic integration of the 1950s...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública e Historia de la Ciencia, leída el 12-07-2017