Publication: El llamado derecho suave en el derecho de la competencia
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2018-06-12
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La presente investigación analiza de la naturaleza y efectos jurídicos del Derecho suave, estudiada como una categoría diferenciada del ordenamiento jurídico y especialmente relevante en el ámbito del Derecho de la competencia. La aparición del Derecho suave es el resultado de un complejo proceso de transformación que ha afectado a las estructuras del Estado contemporáneo, a la realidad social y al tejido económico, con la consiguiente aparición de nuevas formas de regular una compleja y cambiante realidad. Estas fórmulas no vinculantes de ordenación de conductas, aparecen con vocación para generar efectos jurídicos determinados, lo que nos obliga a analizar una teoría de las normas jurídicas diferente, pero no ajena al Derecho. Hay autores que le niegan valor jurídico, otros afirman su naturaleza híbrida como una especie de categoría gris entre el Derecho duro y la ausencia de Derecho, y quienes, por último, creemos que forman parte del Derecho; pero no como una especie de categoría intermedia o híbrida, sino como una categoría propia cuyo adjetivo "suave" se debe a su elemento característico, la falta de efectos estrictamente vinculantes de carácter general. Lo cierto es que, sea cual fuera la postura, lo que ningún sector de la doctrina desconoce es el hecho de que el Derecho suave sea capaz de influir en la realidad, diseñar conductas e incidir en el comportamiento de los ciudadanos y de los poderes públicos. El Tribunal de Justica de la Unión Europea se ha declarado competente tanto por la vía recurso de anulación como por vía de la cuestión prejudicial de validez para entender en casos de Derecho suave, basado en el requisito de la capacidad de este tipo de instrumentos de producir efectos jurídicos a pesar de su efecto vinculante estrictamente vinculante de carácter general, bajo la condición de que no se aparten del Tratado, Leyes y reglamentos, siendo el efecto medida quasivinculante, que se examina caso por caso, su característica más certera...
The present research analyzes the nature and legal effects of Soft Law, studied as a differentiated category of legal order and especially particularly relevant in the antitrust policy. The appearance of Soft Law is the result of a complex process of transformation that has affected the structures of the contemporary State, the social reality and the economic structure, with the consequent appearance of new forms of regulating a complex and changing reality. These strictly non-binding rules of conduct, appear with vocation to generate certain legal effects, which forces us to analyze a different theory of legal rules, but not unrelated to Law. There are authors who deny its legal value, others assert its hybrid nature as a sort of gray category between the hard Law and the absence of law, and those who, by last, that believe these rules are part of the Law, but not as a sort of intermediate or hybrid category, but as a category of its own whose adjective "soft" is due to its characteristic element: their lack of strictly binding and general effects. The truth is, whatever the posture, what any sector of the doctrine does not know is the fact that Soft Law is capable of influencing reality, compel conducts and impinge and affect the behavior of citizens and public authorities. The Court of Justice of the European Union has declared itself competent, both by way of the action for annulment and by the reference for a preliminary ruling, to understand in cases of Soft Law, based on the requirement of the capacity of this type of instruments to produce legal effects despite its strictly binding effect ad extra, on the condition that they do not depart from the Treaty, Laws and regulations, being the effect measure quasi binding, which is examined case by case, its most accurate property...
The present research analyzes the nature and legal effects of Soft Law, studied as a differentiated category of legal order and especially particularly relevant in the antitrust policy. The appearance of Soft Law is the result of a complex process of transformation that has affected the structures of the contemporary State, the social reality and the economic structure, with the consequent appearance of new forms of regulating a complex and changing reality. These strictly non-binding rules of conduct, appear with vocation to generate certain legal effects, which forces us to analyze a different theory of legal rules, but not unrelated to Law. There are authors who deny its legal value, others assert its hybrid nature as a sort of gray category between the hard Law and the absence of law, and those who, by last, that believe these rules are part of the Law, but not as a sort of intermediate or hybrid category, but as a category of its own whose adjective "soft" is due to its characteristic element: their lack of strictly binding and general effects. The truth is, whatever the posture, what any sector of the doctrine does not know is the fact that Soft Law is capable of influencing reality, compel conducts and impinge and affect the behavior of citizens and public authorities. The Court of Justice of the European Union has declared itself competent, both by way of the action for annulment and by the reference for a preliminary ruling, to understand in cases of Soft Law, based on the requirement of the capacity of this type of instruments to produce legal effects despite its strictly binding effect ad extra, on the condition that they do not depart from the Treaty, Laws and regulations, being the effect measure quasi binding, which is examined case by case, its most accurate property...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, Departamento de Derecho Administrativo, leída el 22/06/2017