Publication: Arqueología del oasis. España en la campaña de salvamento de la Unesco en Nubia, 1960-1972
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2018-07-05
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La Campaña de Salvamento de la Unesco tuvo lugar en un territorio, llamado Nubia, compartido por Sudán y Egipto que se convirtió en el escenario de la mayor operación de rescate arqueológico a gran escala hasta entonces. Por primera vez la cooperación internacional se puso al servicio de la arqueología para la salvaguardia de los monumentos de Nubia, preparando de paso el terreno para las convenciones que se redactarían años después sobre protección del Patrimonio Mundial. El motor del proceso fue la búsqueda del desarrollo socio económico que perseguía Egipto con la construcción de una presa mucho más alta en la zona de la Primera Catarata del Nilo. Para paliar los efectos que para el patrimonio histórico y arqueológico iba a tener el inmenso lago generado, Egipto lanzó una ambiciosa propuesta a finales del año 1954, a la que años más tarde se sumaría Sudán, puesto que su espacio también quedaría anegado bajo las aguas. Esta tesis nació con el objetivo de dar a conocer en profundidad los acontecimientos de aquel período, centrados en la participación de España en aquellas tareas de salvamento y su implicación en la recuperación y registro de restos arqueológicos, antropológicos y etnográficos en los numerosos yacimientos en los que intervino en las distintas concesiones que se le adjudicaron, tanto en la nubia sudanesa como en la nubia egipcia, a lo largo de seis años. Para ello, partiendo de unas premisas iniciales nos propusimos realizar, paso a paso, la reconstrucción historiográfica de aquellos trabajos arqueológicos y nos formulamos una serie de preguntas, a las que hemos tratado de dar respuesta, tales como: ¿quién o quiénes estuvieron al frente de las misiones?, ¿qué apoyos oficiales tuvieron los equipos?, ¿cómo se incardinaron los trabajos en el panorama científico de los años sesenta?, ¿tuvieron el apoyo de las estructuras culturales del régimen dictatorial franquista?, ¿fue Martín Almagro Basch el dirigente imprescindible de todo?, ¿cómo se conformaron los equipos españoles?, ¿cómo era la arqueología española que se practicaba en aquel momento?, ¿eran equipos de verdaderos profesionales y especialistas en la zona?, ¿hubo participación femenina?, ¿qué cronologías abarcan los yacimientos?, ¿de qué tipologías eran los yacimientos excavados (necrópolis, poblados, fortalezas, iglesias, enclaves con arte rupestre, etc.)?, ¿cuánto se excavó realmente en las distintas concesiones de Sudán y Egipto?, ¿dónde se depositaron los bienes culturales (materiales arqueológicos y etnográficos) concedidos por los tratados de reparto de excavaciones?, ¿cómo y de qué manera la Nubiología dejó huella en la disciplina arqueológica en España, si es que se produjo?, ¿se publicó todo lo que se investigó?, ¿estuvo informada la sociedad civil sobre esa importante misión internacional de nuestro país?, ¿por qué y en qué condiciones vino a España el templo de Debod?, ¿fue realmente una donación como siempre se ha mantenido?, ¿ha existido con posterioridad una continuidad y transferencia del conocimiento que todo aquel saber produjo?, ¿qué se conoce en la actualidad de aquellos hechos?...
The Unesco Salvage Campaign took place in a territory, shared by Sudan and Egypt, called Nubia, becoming the main objective of the first large-scale archaeological rescue operation, in which international cooperation was at the service of archaeology for the protection of the monuments of Nubia, giving way to the conventions of World Heritage years later. The main reason was the socio-economic development pursued by Egypt that led the country to build the highest dam in the First Cataract area of the Nile River. To mitigate the effects of the consequent enormous lake, the country launched an ambitious salvage proposal at the end of 1954, to which Sudan some years later followed, since its land would also be flooded under the waters. This dissertation was born with the aim of investigating what happened when Spain faced for the first time the possibility of being a part of a international campaign for the recovery and registration of archaeological, anthropological and ethnographic remains in an enormous area. Our country intervened both in Sudanese and Egyptian Nubia, over six years, in the concessions awarded. To achieve that aim, starting from the initial premises, we set out to carry, step by step, the historiographical reconstruction of those formidable logistic and archaeological undertakings, trying to ask some of the following questions: Who were in charge of the missions? What kind of official support did the teams have? How the archaeological works were incardinated in the scientific panorama of the sixties? Did they have the support of the cultural structures of the Francoist dictatorial regime? Was Martín Almagro Basch the only one, irreplaceable leader? How the Spanish teams were conformed? How was the Spanish archaeology practiced at that time? Were teams composed of professional people? Was there any feminine presence? What chronologies covered the discoveries? What sort of typologies the excavated sites belonged to (necropolis, villages, fortresses, churches, rock art panels, etc.)? How much was actually excavated in Sudan and Egypt? Where were kept the cultural items (archaeological and ethnographic artefacts) distributed in Sudan, Egypt and Spain? How Nubiology left its mark on the Spanish archaeology, if it happened? Were all the investigated sites published? Was the Spanish civil society informed and had knowledge of the international mission? Why did the temple of Debod come to Spain? Was it really a donation as it has always been believed? Was there subsequently a transfer of the knowledge that all that evidence produced? What is nowadays known of those facts?...
The Unesco Salvage Campaign took place in a territory, shared by Sudan and Egypt, called Nubia, becoming the main objective of the first large-scale archaeological rescue operation, in which international cooperation was at the service of archaeology for the protection of the monuments of Nubia, giving way to the conventions of World Heritage years later. The main reason was the socio-economic development pursued by Egypt that led the country to build the highest dam in the First Cataract area of the Nile River. To mitigate the effects of the consequent enormous lake, the country launched an ambitious salvage proposal at the end of 1954, to which Sudan some years later followed, since its land would also be flooded under the waters. This dissertation was born with the aim of investigating what happened when Spain faced for the first time the possibility of being a part of a international campaign for the recovery and registration of archaeological, anthropological and ethnographic remains in an enormous area. Our country intervened both in Sudanese and Egyptian Nubia, over six years, in the concessions awarded. To achieve that aim, starting from the initial premises, we set out to carry, step by step, the historiographical reconstruction of those formidable logistic and archaeological undertakings, trying to ask some of the following questions: Who were in charge of the missions? What kind of official support did the teams have? How the archaeological works were incardinated in the scientific panorama of the sixties? Did they have the support of the cultural structures of the Francoist dictatorial regime? Was Martín Almagro Basch the only one, irreplaceable leader? How the Spanish teams were conformed? How was the Spanish archaeology practiced at that time? Were teams composed of professional people? Was there any feminine presence? What chronologies covered the discoveries? What sort of typologies the excavated sites belonged to (necropolis, villages, fortresses, churches, rock art panels, etc.)? How much was actually excavated in Sudan and Egypt? Where were kept the cultural items (archaeological and ethnographic artefacts) distributed in Sudan, Egypt and Spain? How Nubiology left its mark on the Spanish archaeology, if it happened? Were all the investigated sites published? Was the Spanish civil society informed and had knowledge of the international mission? Why did the temple of Debod come to Spain? Was it really a donation as it has always been believed? Was there subsequently a transfer of the knowledge that all that evidence produced? What is nowadays known of those facts?...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Prehistoria, leída el 18/12/2017