Publication: Análisis comparativo de indicadores antropométricos para el diagnóstico de la desnutrición infantil
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2018-10-29
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La malnutrición infantil es un problema a nivel mundial, tanto por defecto como por exceso. La desnutrición persiste en los países emergentes y comienza a evidenciarse en algunos sectores de los países desarrollados debido a la crisis económica. Se calcula que en la actualidad aproximadamente 795 millones de personas están insuficientemente nutridas, de las cuales 90 millones son niños y niñas menores de 5 años. Cuando hay un déficit alimentario, el organismo reduce las reservas de grasa y músculo, viéndose finalmente afectado también el crecimiento longitudinal en los niños si la carencia de alimentos se mantiene. Los indicadores antropométricos reflejan el estado nutricional del individuo a través del tamaño, composición y proporcionalidad corporal. El contraste de las dimensiones individuales con los valores de referencia que corresponden a un menor sano de la misma edad y sexo, permite establecer un diagnóstico del tipo y grado de malnutrición. La talla para la edad (T/E) informa sobre la desnutrición crónica o retraso del crecimiento, el peso para la edad (P/E) acerca de la desnutrición global y tanto el peso para la talla (P/T) como el perímetro del brazo identifican la desnutrición aguda. El objetivo general de la presente investigación fue realizar un análisis comparativo de los indicadores antropométricos habitualmente utilizados para la evaluación de la desnutrición en menores de 5 años, teniendo en cuenta la variabilidad etaria, sexual y poblacional y haciendo especial énfasis en el contraste de los indicadores informativos de la desnutrición aguda, como son el peso para la talla (P/T) y el perímetro braquial evaluado mediante la herramienta MUAC (Middle Upper Arm Circumference). Con esta finalidad y en el marco de colaboración del convenio firmado entre ACH y el Grupo de Investigación EPINUT de la Universidad Complutense, se ha estudiado una muestra compuesta por 100620 niños y niñas entre 6 y 59 meses procedentes de países de África (Burundi, Chad, Kenia, Etiopía, Uganda, Mali, Sierra Leona), Asia (Nepal, Myanmar, Afganistán, Pakistán, Sri Lanka y Tayikistán) y América (Guatemala). La recogida de estos datos se llevó a cabo entre 2001 y 2010 utilizando la metodología SMART (Standardized Monitoring & Assessment of Relief & Transitions), que incluye la medida del peso, talla y perímetro del brazo. Asimismo se ha estudiado una muestra de 434 niños y niñas españoles normonutridos (de entre 3 y 5 años) recogida en escuelas infantiles de la Comunidad de Madrid, que fueron evaluados antropométricamente a partir de la talla, el peso, pliegue subcutáneo tricipital, perímetro braquial y cefálico...
Child malnutrition is a global problem, either by default or by excess. Malnutrition persists in emerging countries and it is beginning to show in some sectors of developed countries due to the economic crisis. It is estimated that currently approximately 795 million people are under-nourished, of which 90 million are children under 5 years. When there is an alimentary deficit, the organism reduces the reserves of fat and muscle, also affecting the longitudinal growth of the children if the lack of foods persists. Anthropometric indicators reflect the nutritional status of the individual through body size, composition and proportionality. The contrast of the individual’s dimensions with the reference values corresponding to a healthy minor of the same age and sex, allows to establish a diagnosis of the type and degree of malnutrition. Height for Age (H/A) reports chronic malnutrition or stunting, Weight for Age (W/A) reports global malnutrition and acute malnutrition is identified by both Weight for Height (W/H) and perimeter of the arm. The aim of the present investigation was to perform a comparative analysis of the anthropometric indicators commonly used for the evaluation of malnutrition in children under 5 years old, taking into account their age, sexual and the population variability, with special emphasis on the contrast of the indicators W/H and brachial perimeter, evaluated using the MUAC (Middle Upper Arm Circumference) tool. To this end, and within the framework of the agreement signed between ACH (Acción contra el Hambre) and the EPINUT Research Group of the Complutense University, a sample composed of 100620 children between 6 and 59 months of age has been studied. The data were taken in African (Burundi, Chad, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Mali, Sierra Leone), Asian (Nepal, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tajikistan) and American (Guatemala) countries. The collection of these data was carried out between 2001 and 2010 using the SMART methodology (Standardized Monitoring & Assessment of Relief & Transitions). This methodology includes the measurement of the weight, height and perimeter of the arm. A sample of 434 well nourished Spanish children has also been studied (3-5 years old). This sample was collected in schools of the Community of Madrid, where the following anthropometrically measures of children were recorded: height, weight, tricipital subcutaneous fold, brachial and cephalic perimeters...
Child malnutrition is a global problem, either by default or by excess. Malnutrition persists in emerging countries and it is beginning to show in some sectors of developed countries due to the economic crisis. It is estimated that currently approximately 795 million people are under-nourished, of which 90 million are children under 5 years. When there is an alimentary deficit, the organism reduces the reserves of fat and muscle, also affecting the longitudinal growth of the children if the lack of foods persists. Anthropometric indicators reflect the nutritional status of the individual through body size, composition and proportionality. The contrast of the individual’s dimensions with the reference values corresponding to a healthy minor of the same age and sex, allows to establish a diagnosis of the type and degree of malnutrition. Height for Age (H/A) reports chronic malnutrition or stunting, Weight for Age (W/A) reports global malnutrition and acute malnutrition is identified by both Weight for Height (W/H) and perimeter of the arm. The aim of the present investigation was to perform a comparative analysis of the anthropometric indicators commonly used for the evaluation of malnutrition in children under 5 years old, taking into account their age, sexual and the population variability, with special emphasis on the contrast of the indicators W/H and brachial perimeter, evaluated using the MUAC (Middle Upper Arm Circumference) tool. To this end, and within the framework of the agreement signed between ACH (Acción contra el Hambre) and the EPINUT Research Group of the Complutense University, a sample composed of 100620 children between 6 and 59 months of age has been studied. The data were taken in African (Burundi, Chad, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Mali, Sierra Leone), Asian (Nepal, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tajikistan) and American (Guatemala) countries. The collection of these data was carried out between 2001 and 2010 using the SMART methodology (Standardized Monitoring & Assessment of Relief & Transitions). This methodology includes the measurement of the weight, height and perimeter of the arm. A sample of 434 well nourished Spanish children has also been studied (3-5 years old). This sample was collected in schools of the Community of Madrid, where the following anthropometrically measures of children were recorded: height, weight, tricipital subcutaneous fold, brachial and cephalic perimeters...
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Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, leída el 18/09/2017