Publication: Precariedad laboral en la economía española. Una perspectiva de género. El mercado de trabajo en los primeros años del siglo XXI
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2018-10-30
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El principal problema de los mercados de trabajo oscila entre unos niveles de desempleo elevados y el empeoramiento de las condiciones laborales que alcanzan límites históricos en estos primeros años del siglo XXI. Hoy en día, el hecho de contar con un empleo no es garantía suficiente para conseguir unas condiciones de vida material adecuadas que aseguren una vida digna para el trabajador y la sociedad en general. Cada vez más personas se ven inmersas en trayectorias laborales intermitentes, en las que se combinan largos periodos de desempleo con contratos de trabajo precarios, que dificultan su acceso al ingreso social a través de una relación con el empleo estable y segura. Esta participación desdibujada en el mercado se extiende entre la población y supera los grupos sociales que tradicionalmente han padecido situaciones más desfavorables en lo que respecta al trabajo remunerado (jóvenes, mujeres, migrantes, etc.). Sin embargo, este proceso de degradación de las condiciones laborales no es neutral e incide parcialmente en los estratos sociales que ven reducidos sus salarios y suprimidos sus derechos en modalidades de contratación heterogéneas que se ofrecen cada vez con una mayor frecuencia en el mercado. La magnitud de los cambios económicos recientes ha impactado en el mercado de trabajo y ha hecho crecer las asimetrías del pasado en el tránsito de una fase a otra del ciclo económico, mientras mudábamos los últimos años de crecimiento por la contracción económica que ha supuesto la reciente crisis. Estos cambios se han producido fundamentalmente en tres ámbitos interconectados de la economía ‒productivo, empresarial e institucional‒ y han incidido en la ciudadanía, no siempre de forma visible, con un claro efecto discriminatorio entre hombres y mujeres. Como consecuencia de estas transformaciones, la persistente distancia ocupacional por motivos de género acrecienta las desigualdades en el terreno del empleo, pero también en aquellos otros espacios donde se desarrollan las actividades de reproducción social. Ambos tipos de actividad dan continuidad al sistema económico y son parte de la carga total de trabajos realizados por y para la sociedad, a pesar de que habitualmente estos últimos quedan ocultos por no mediar en ellos una relación mercantil. Su reparto es desigual entre hombres y mujeres recayendo mayoritariamente sobre ellas la responsabilidad de las funciones reproductivas y sobre ellos las mercantiles. El protagonismo femenino en las tareas domésticas y de cuidados que se asumen y realizan en el interior de los hogares confluye con su papel en la producción y determina su participación en el empleo. Por ese motivo, al acercarnos a los acontecimientos sucedidos en el empleo español, pero que con cierta similitud son extrapolables a otras economías europeas, es necesario considerar los condicionantes de género que actúan en ambas esferas (producción y reproducción) de la realidad económica y que explican un efecto diferenciado en el avance de la precariedad. La finalidad, por tanto, de esta investigación es ofrecer un análisis complejo de las características que adquiere la precariedad española en los años recientes (2000-2014) y señalar las particularidades propias que presenta este fenómeno desde una perspectiva de género. Con tal propósito se incorpora, de una parte, la combinación de varias dimensiones analíticas al aproximarnos a la descripción y medición de la precariedad, y de otra, la articulación de distintos planos donde se habrían concentrado los cambios económicos que mayores repercusiones han supuesto para la calidad del empleo y las desigualdades laborales. Objeto de estudio: El análisis de la precariedad laboral en la economía española, su relevancia y particularidades para ofrecer una explicación del fenómeno desde una perspectiva comparada y con enfoque de género que integre, al mismo tiempo, los planos productivo, institucional y empresarial.
The major problem of labor markets ranges between high levels of unemployment and the worsening of working conditions that reach historical limits these first decades of the 21st century. Nowadays, being employed is no guarantee of achieving suitable material life conditions that assure a decent standard of living in society. Day by day, more people are mired in interrupted work paths, in which long periods of unemployment are combined with precarious employment contracts that impede access to social integration through a stable and secure employment. This blurred participation in the labor market spreads between the population and holds back the social groups that have traditionally suffered the most unfavorable situations in terms of paid work (young people, women, immigrants). However, this process of deterioration of the working conditions is not neutral and partially affects those social strata that have seen their salary reduced and their rights in atypical modalities of contracting offered on the market suppressed. The magnitude of the economic recent changes has struck on the labor market and has increased the asymmetries of the past in the transition from one phase of the economic cycle to another, while the last years of growth gave place to the economic contraction of the recent crisis. These changes have taken place, fundamentally, in three interconnected areas of the economy –productive, business and institution‒ and have provoked, not always in a visible form, a clear discriminatory effect between men and women. As a consequence of these transformations, the ongoing occupational distance due to gender discrimination promotes inequalities in the sphere of employment but also in those other spaces where the activities of social reproduction develop. Both types of activity give continuity to the economic system and are part of a totality of labor activities that sustain society, despite the fact that the latter remain secret as they lack mercantile character. Its distribution is unequal between men and women, relapsing, for the most part, on the women the responsibility of reproductive functions and, on the former, mercantile ones. The feminine prominence in domestic tasks and care giving functions, that are assumed and done inside houses, comes together with their role in production and determines their participation in employment. For this reason, approaching the events that have taken place in the Spanish employment, and that with certain similarity are extrapolated to other European economies, is necessary to consider the determining gender conditions that act in both spheres (production and reproduction) of the economic reality and that explain a differential effect in the advance of the precariousness. The purpose, therefore, of this investigation is to offer a complex analysis of the characteristics that the Spanish precariousness acquires in the recent years (2000-2014) and to indicate the particularities that this phenomenon presents from a perspective of gender. With this goal in mind, the combination of several analytical dimensions directed to the description and measurement of precariousness are put together with different perspectives on the spheres where the economic changes had major repercussions related to the quality of the employment and labor inequalities. Object of study: The analysis of the labor precariousness in the Spanish economy, its relevancy and particularities, in order to offer an explanation of the phenomenon from a comparative perspective and with the approach of a gender perspective that integrates, at the same time, the areas of production, institutions and business.
The major problem of labor markets ranges between high levels of unemployment and the worsening of working conditions that reach historical limits these first decades of the 21st century. Nowadays, being employed is no guarantee of achieving suitable material life conditions that assure a decent standard of living in society. Day by day, more people are mired in interrupted work paths, in which long periods of unemployment are combined with precarious employment contracts that impede access to social integration through a stable and secure employment. This blurred participation in the labor market spreads between the population and holds back the social groups that have traditionally suffered the most unfavorable situations in terms of paid work (young people, women, immigrants). However, this process of deterioration of the working conditions is not neutral and partially affects those social strata that have seen their salary reduced and their rights in atypical modalities of contracting offered on the market suppressed. The magnitude of the economic recent changes has struck on the labor market and has increased the asymmetries of the past in the transition from one phase of the economic cycle to another, while the last years of growth gave place to the economic contraction of the recent crisis. These changes have taken place, fundamentally, in three interconnected areas of the economy –productive, business and institution‒ and have provoked, not always in a visible form, a clear discriminatory effect between men and women. As a consequence of these transformations, the ongoing occupational distance due to gender discrimination promotes inequalities in the sphere of employment but also in those other spaces where the activities of social reproduction develop. Both types of activity give continuity to the economic system and are part of a totality of labor activities that sustain society, despite the fact that the latter remain secret as they lack mercantile character. Its distribution is unequal between men and women, relapsing, for the most part, on the women the responsibility of reproductive functions and, on the former, mercantile ones. The feminine prominence in domestic tasks and care giving functions, that are assumed and done inside houses, comes together with their role in production and determines their participation in employment. For this reason, approaching the events that have taken place in the Spanish employment, and that with certain similarity are extrapolated to other European economies, is necessary to consider the determining gender conditions that act in both spheres (production and reproduction) of the economic reality and that explain a differential effect in the advance of the precariousness. The purpose, therefore, of this investigation is to offer a complex analysis of the characteristics that the Spanish precariousness acquires in the recent years (2000-2014) and to indicate the particularities that this phenomenon presents from a perspective of gender. With this goal in mind, the combination of several analytical dimensions directed to the description and measurement of precariousness are put together with different perspectives on the spheres where the economic changes had major repercussions related to the quality of the employment and labor inequalities. Object of study: The analysis of the labor precariousness in the Spanish economy, its relevancy and particularities, in order to offer an explanation of the phenomenon from a comparative perspective and with the approach of a gender perspective that integrates, at the same time, the areas of production, institutions and business.
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Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Aplicada I (Economía Internacional y Desarrollo), leída el 04/07/2017