Publication: Evaluación de las capacidades cognitivas de Homo Neanderthalensis e implicaciones en la transición Paleolítico Medio-Paleotíco Superior en Eurasia
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2019-07-09
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El doble objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es, por un lado, el de lograr una aproximación a la evaluación de las capacidades cognitivas de Homo neanderthalensis a través de un exhaustivo análisis crítico de la evidencia arqueológica disponible, en lo tocante a comportamientos que denoten la existencia de una forma de pensar de tipo abstractivo y simbólico, procedente del amplio contexto geográfico euroasiático. Se ha dividido este corpus de datos según la siguiente clasificación: Prácticas peritanáticas (comportamiento funerario, canibalismo y rituales), grafías (marcas, cúpulas o diseños no aleatorios sobre hueso, asta o piedra), posibles elementos de ornamento personal (elementos modificados para su suspensión, especialmente en hueso, diente o concha), evidencia directa o indirecta del empleo de pigmento (principalmente bloques o nódulos de minerales pigmentantes con o sin estrías para extracción de polvo colorante, probablemente empleado para la decoración corporal, de objetos o muraria), elementos exóticos (cualquier elemento extraño, probablemente recogido, transportado y conservado por sus cualidades atípicas, estéticas o materiales), instrumentos musicales o sonoros, escultura y pintura mural. Se ha tratado de realizar un estudio de la distribución cronoespacial de este tipo de evidencia arqueológica con el fin de hallar relaciones causales entre esta y los principales eventos poblacionales, climáticos y geológicos acaecidos especialmente durante el período de la llamada transición Paleolítico Medio-Superior. A continuación, se realiza un intento de sintetizar el estado de la cuestión en cuanto a los escenarios bioculturales detectables en la franja temporal ocupada por lo que conocemos como transición Paleolítico Medio-Superior en el continente euroasiático, seguida de una revisión crítica de los principales modelos de interacción existentes en la literatura entre las poblaciones neandertales y las de humanos anatómicamente modernos: reemplazo, continuidad, asimilación, bienvenida, aculturación, aniquilación y mosaico. El segundo objetivo perseguido es el diseñar un nuevo modelo –revitalización cultural– de interacción y respuesta de las poblaciones neandertales durante el período crucial enmarcado entre 45 y 30 ky B.P. ante la aparición en escena de las nuevas poblaciones de humanos anatómicamente modernos y la incidencia de intensas fluctuaciones climáticas y de catástrofes naturales, a través del estudio de la distribución cronológica y geográfica de las evidencias arqueológicas citadas...
The double goal of this PhD Thesis is, firstly, to obtain an approximation to an assessment of Homo neanderthalensis cognitive capabilities through the critical and exhaustive analysis of the available archaeological evidence regarding those behaviors related to the presence of a symbolic and avstractive way of thinking, coming from the wide eurasian geographical context. This database has been divided according to the next classification: peritanathic practices (funeral behavior, cannibalism and rituals), graphic behavior (cupules, marks or non-random designs, mainly on bone, antler or stone), evidence of personal adornment (i.e. bone, ivory, antler or shell objects modified for suspension), direct or indirect evidence of use of pigment (cobbles or nodules of coloring minerals showing or not striations due to extracting pigment powder probably employed to body ornamentation, coloring of objects and walls), exotic objects (atypical specimens probably gathered and kept due to their natural aesthetic appeal), music or sound instruments, sculpture and wall paintings. An attempt is made to study of the cronospatial distribution of this kind of archaeological evidence aiming to find causal relationships with major population, climatic and geological events that took place during the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. Then a state of the question is summarized regarding the biocultural scenarios and dynamics during this period. Afterwards a critical revision is made of the principal interaction models between neandertal and anatomically modern populations advanced in the archaeological literature: replacement, continuity, assimilation, welcome, acculturation, annihilation and mosaic. The second goal is the elaboration and proposition of a new model –cultural revitalization- for the interaction and reaction among neandertal populations during the crucial period (45-30 ky B.P) facing the arrival of the new HAM groups and the incidence of intense climatic fluctuations and natural catastrophes, through the analysis of the chronological and spatial distribution of this evidence...
The double goal of this PhD Thesis is, firstly, to obtain an approximation to an assessment of Homo neanderthalensis cognitive capabilities through the critical and exhaustive analysis of the available archaeological evidence regarding those behaviors related to the presence of a symbolic and avstractive way of thinking, coming from the wide eurasian geographical context. This database has been divided according to the next classification: peritanathic practices (funeral behavior, cannibalism and rituals), graphic behavior (cupules, marks or non-random designs, mainly on bone, antler or stone), evidence of personal adornment (i.e. bone, ivory, antler or shell objects modified for suspension), direct or indirect evidence of use of pigment (cobbles or nodules of coloring minerals showing or not striations due to extracting pigment powder probably employed to body ornamentation, coloring of objects and walls), exotic objects (atypical specimens probably gathered and kept due to their natural aesthetic appeal), music or sound instruments, sculpture and wall paintings. An attempt is made to study of the cronospatial distribution of this kind of archaeological evidence aiming to find causal relationships with major population, climatic and geological events that took place during the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. Then a state of the question is summarized regarding the biocultural scenarios and dynamics during this period. Afterwards a critical revision is made of the principal interaction models between neandertal and anatomically modern populations advanced in the archaeological literature: replacement, continuity, assimilation, welcome, acculturation, annihilation and mosaic. The second goal is the elaboration and proposition of a new model –cultural revitalization- for the interaction and reaction among neandertal populations during the crucial period (45-30 ky B.P) facing the arrival of the new HAM groups and the incidence of intense climatic fluctuations and natural catastrophes, through the analysis of the chronological and spatial distribution of this evidence...
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Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Prehistoria, leída el 20/12/2018