Publication: Las fronteras del contrato de trabajo y sistema de indicios de laboralidad
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2019
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Ministerio de Trabajo, Migraciones y Seguridad Social
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Abstract
La cuestión relativa a la frontera de laboralidad y no laboralidad del trabajo prestado por una persona con finalidad económica (de subsistencia personal y familiar) en beneficio de otra a cambio de su remuneración bien puede ser considerada atemporal o intemporal y universal.
Atemporal, porque es uno de los “compañeros de viaje” en la evolución del Derecho del Trabajo en sentido estricto. Calificábamos el problema como “universal” porque está permanentemente abierto, permanentemente debatido y discutido en todos los sistemas jurídicos, tanto los de common law y sus influencias como en los continentales o de civil law; ocupa y preocupa a todos los actores y operadores jurídicos, también por supuesto a la dogmática laboralista española y foránea.
La ordenación legal en nuestro país ha necesitado de la combinación en su justa proporción de la construcción sistemática y conceptual por el fin del Derecho y su finalidad y su realización práctica; es decir, el discurso dogmático ha necesitado de la jurisprudencia, trascendiendo también ésta desde su utilidad para la solución de casos y problemas concretos, a su valor en la configuración de aquellos que definen las instituciones centrales de nuestra disciplina. Desde esta perspectiva, precisamente por la definición abierta de los presupuestos normativos, y partiendo de los rasgos o indicios que concurren en la prestación de servicios concreta, se ha aplicado –como es habitual en otros ordenamientos jurídicos nacionales- el que se conoce como método indiciario (el indicio aquí es el hecho o suma de hechos ciertos y relevantes) en torno a cada uno de los elementos estructurales que definen el concepto legal de trabajador asalariado, en particular, la dependencia. Método que debe tender equilibradamente y de forma ponderada a la delimitación porque si las fronteras son excesivamente amplias, flexibles, quedaría de tal modo evanescido ese rasgo estructural que acabaría siendo un mero elemento formal, sin virtualidad y eficacia jurídica alguna. Lo que, en definitiva, y concluyendo, el excesivo casuismo pudiera poner entredicho la fiabilidad jurídica del método indiciario y la desnaturalización de la institución central del Derecho del Trabajo en nuestro sistema, el contrato de trabajo.
The question of the labour and non-labour frontier of work provided by one person for economic purposes (personal and family subsistence) for the benefit of another for remuneration may well be considered timeless and universal. Timeless, because it is one of the "travelling companions" in the evolution of Labour Law in the strict sense. We qualified the problem as "universal" because it is permanently open, permanently debated and discussed in all legal systems, both common law and its influences as well as continental or civil law; it occupies and worries all legal actors and operators, also of course the Spanish and foreign labour dogmatics. The legal order in our country has needed the combination in its fair proportion of the systematic and conceptual construction and its purpose and its practical realization. The dogmatic discourse has needed of the jurisprudence, transcending also this one from its utility for the solution of concrete cases and problems, to its value in the configuration of those that define the central institutions of our discipline. From this perspective, precisely because of the open definition of the normative presuppositions, and starting from the features or indications that concur in the provision of specific services, what is known as the indiciary method (the indication here is the fact or sum of certain and relevant facts) has been applied around each one of the structural elements that define the legal concept of employee, in particular, dependency. A method that must aim at delimitation in a balanced and weighted manner, because if the borders are excessively wide and flexible, this structural feature would be avoided in such a way that it would end up being a mere formal element, with no virtuality and no legal effectiveness whatsoever. What, in short, and concluding, the excessive casuism could call into question the legal reliability of the index-linked method and the distortion of the central institution of Labour Law in our system, the employment contract.
The question of the labour and non-labour frontier of work provided by one person for economic purposes (personal and family subsistence) for the benefit of another for remuneration may well be considered timeless and universal. Timeless, because it is one of the "travelling companions" in the evolution of Labour Law in the strict sense. We qualified the problem as "universal" because it is permanently open, permanently debated and discussed in all legal systems, both common law and its influences as well as continental or civil law; it occupies and worries all legal actors and operators, also of course the Spanish and foreign labour dogmatics. The legal order in our country has needed the combination in its fair proportion of the systematic and conceptual construction and its purpose and its practical realization. The dogmatic discourse has needed of the jurisprudence, transcending also this one from its utility for the solution of concrete cases and problems, to its value in the configuration of those that define the central institutions of our discipline. From this perspective, precisely because of the open definition of the normative presuppositions, and starting from the features or indications that concur in the provision of specific services, what is known as the indiciary method (the indication here is the fact or sum of certain and relevant facts) has been applied around each one of the structural elements that define the legal concept of employee, in particular, dependency. A method that must aim at delimitation in a balanced and weighted manner, because if the borders are excessively wide and flexible, this structural feature would be avoided in such a way that it would end up being a mere formal element, with no virtuality and no legal effectiveness whatsoever. What, in short, and concluding, the excessive casuism could call into question the legal reliability of the index-linked method and the distortion of the central institution of Labour Law in our system, the employment contract.