Publication: El libro de Job y su recepción en el cristianismo medieval: perspectivas y reflexiones sobre el sufrimiento humano y el mal
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2019-09
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Abstract
El presente trabajo es una aproximación a la recepción cristiana medieval del libro de Job como posible punto de partida para reflexionar acerca de la consideración y vivencia del sufrimiento dentro de la cosmovisión religiosa medieval. Tras una presentación del libro de Job como expresión paradigmática, dentro de la tradición judeocristiana, del problema del sufrimiento humano —cuestión universal que atañe no sólo a filósofos y teólogos sino a todo ser humano—, resumimos el argumento del libro, exponemos las principales dificultades que encuentra el crítico moderno al leerlo y, con el fin de encontrar el origen de la proverbial paciencia de Job, que no se corresponde con la imagen del Job peleón y querellante del libro bíblico, describimos los primeros pasos de su recepción en la Antigüedad. Sobre esta base, estudiamos las tres líneas o direcciones principales que tomó el libro de Job en la cristiandad medieval latina: la exégesis simbólica de Gregorio Magno ("Moralia in Iob"), que consagró la interpretación patrística de Job como modelo de paciencia y ejemplo moral para el cristiano en todas las facetas de la vida y que ejerció un notabilísimo influjo a lo largo de todo el periodo; la utilización de determinados pasajes —los más dramáticos y menos "pacientes"— del libro de Job dentro del Oficio de Difuntos —la oración oficial de la Iglesia ante el momento de la muerte—, y, por último, los comentarios de Tomás de Aquino, Alberto Magno y Nicolás de Lira, quienes, alejados de los excesos de la exégesis simbólico-espiritual, utilizaron el libro de Job para debatir y argumentar acerca de la providencia divina y la existencia del mal.
In this work, we study the medieval Christian reception of the book of Job as a possible starting point for further reflections on the consideration and experience of suffering within the medieval religious worldview. After a presentation of the book of Job as a paradigmatic Judeo-Christian expression of the problem of human suffering —a universal issue that concerns not only philosophers and theologians but every human being—, we summarize the argument of the book, we expose the main difficulties encountered by the modern critic in reading it and, in order to find the origins of the proverbial patience of Job, which does not correspond to the image of the complaining Job of the biblical book, we describe the first steps of its reception in Antiquity. On this basis, we study the three main lines or directions taken by the book of Job in medieval Latin Christianity: the symbolic exegesis of Gregory the Great ("Moralia in Iob"), which consecrated the patristic interpretation of Job as a model of patience and moral example for the Christian in all facets of life and which exerted a remarkable influence throughout the whole period; the use of certain passages —the most dramatic and least patient— from the book of Job in the Office of the Dead —the official prayer of the Church at the moment of death— and, finally, the commentaries of Thomas Aquinas, Albert the Great and Nicholas of Lira, who, away from the excesses of symbolic-spiritual exegesis, used the book of Job to debate and argue about divine providence and the existence of evil.
In this work, we study the medieval Christian reception of the book of Job as a possible starting point for further reflections on the consideration and experience of suffering within the medieval religious worldview. After a presentation of the book of Job as a paradigmatic Judeo-Christian expression of the problem of human suffering —a universal issue that concerns not only philosophers and theologians but every human being—, we summarize the argument of the book, we expose the main difficulties encountered by the modern critic in reading it and, in order to find the origins of the proverbial patience of Job, which does not correspond to the image of the complaining Job of the biblical book, we describe the first steps of its reception in Antiquity. On this basis, we study the three main lines or directions taken by the book of Job in medieval Latin Christianity: the symbolic exegesis of Gregory the Great ("Moralia in Iob"), which consecrated the patristic interpretation of Job as a model of patience and moral example for the Christian in all facets of life and which exerted a remarkable influence throughout the whole period; the use of certain passages —the most dramatic and least patient— from the book of Job in the Office of the Dead —the official prayer of the Church at the moment of death— and, finally, the commentaries of Thomas Aquinas, Albert the Great and Nicholas of Lira, who, away from the excesses of symbolic-spiritual exegesis, used the book of Job to debate and argue about divine providence and the existence of evil.