Publication: La participación del régimen franquista en la exposición internacional anticomunista Le bolchevisme contre l´Europe (1942)
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2017
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Centro de Estudios de la Guerra-RUHM
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Abstract
Uno de los elementos básicos para lograr la cohesión social en tiempos de guerra es la de crear la imagen de un enemigo, odiado y temido, que justifique las políticas de un gobierno en una coyuntura tan convulsa. En la Europa del Eje, en plena contienda mundial, los focos se posicionaron contra el comunismo internacional, verdadera encarnación del Mal según los propagandistas de la época. Por impulso del Tercer Reich y su maquinaria ideológica, desde finales de los años 30 se animó a la celebración de grandes eventos públicos orientados contra sus principales fobias: los judíos, la masonería y el bolchevismo. Mediante la creación de imponentes fotomontajes y todo género de material audiovisual, se elaboraron una serie de estereotipos del enemigo, del "otro", que debían reafirmar el apoyo ciudadano a la causa del Estado, en especial tras el inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En el presente artículo, a través de documentación archivística española y francesa inédita, analizaremos la participación peninsular en la exposición propagandística Le bolchevisme contre l´Europe, celebrada en la Francia de Vichy en 1942. Por deseo expreso de las autoridades galas y germanas de ocupación se requirió al régimen franquista que mostrase los peligros del comunismo, no en vano esta nación –según la terminología de la época– había sido la primera en derrotarlo. El recuerdo de la Guerra Civil no solo reafirmaría la legitimación del nuevo Estado español sino que tendría un componente propagandístico de primer orden. Por esa razón, los esfuerzos se centraron en recrear, ante el mundo entero, el funcionamiento de las checas durante la Guerra Civil Española. Mediante este estudio podremos profundizar en los esfuerzos realizados por el franquismo para contribuir ideológicamente a la consolidación de los principios del Nuevo Orden, poniendo sobre la palestra las dificultades internas y la carencia de medios económicos que los acompañaron.
One of the basic elements for achieving social cohesion in times of war is the creation of the image of an enemy, hated and feared, which justifies the policies of a government in such a turbulent situation. In Axis’ Europe, in the midst of a world-wide struggle, the focus was put on international communism, the true embodiment of evil according to the propagandists of that time. Organized by the Third Reich and its ideological machinery, since the late 1930s major public events were held against its great phobias: Jews, Freemasonry and Bolshevism. Through the creation of overwhelming photomontages and all kinds of audiovisual material, a series of stereotypes of the enemy were developed, which would reaffirm citizen support for the State's cause, especially after the outbreak of the Second World War. In this article, through unpublished Spanish and French archival documentation, we will analyze the Spanish participation exhibition Le Bolshevisme contre l´Europe, held in Vichy's France in 1942. By explicit desire of the French and German occupation authorities, the francoist regime was asked to show the dangers of communism, considering that this nation –according to their perspective– had been the first to defeat it. The remembrance of the Civil War would not only reaffirm the legitimacy of the new Spanish State but would also have a major propaganda component. For that reason, efforts were focused on recreating, before the whole world, the functioning of the "checas" during the Spanish Civil War. Through this study we will be able to delve into the efforts made by Francoism to ideologically contribute to the consolidation of the principles of the New Order, exposing at the same time the internal difficulties and the lack of economic resources that accompanied them
One of the basic elements for achieving social cohesion in times of war is the creation of the image of an enemy, hated and feared, which justifies the policies of a government in such a turbulent situation. In Axis’ Europe, in the midst of a world-wide struggle, the focus was put on international communism, the true embodiment of evil according to the propagandists of that time. Organized by the Third Reich and its ideological machinery, since the late 1930s major public events were held against its great phobias: Jews, Freemasonry and Bolshevism. Through the creation of overwhelming photomontages and all kinds of audiovisual material, a series of stereotypes of the enemy were developed, which would reaffirm citizen support for the State's cause, especially after the outbreak of the Second World War. In this article, through unpublished Spanish and French archival documentation, we will analyze the Spanish participation exhibition Le Bolshevisme contre l´Europe, held in Vichy's France in 1942. By explicit desire of the French and German occupation authorities, the francoist regime was asked to show the dangers of communism, considering that this nation –according to their perspective– had been the first to defeat it. The remembrance of the Civil War would not only reaffirm the legitimacy of the new Spanish State but would also have a major propaganda component. For that reason, efforts were focused on recreating, before the whole world, the functioning of the "checas" during the Spanish Civil War. Through this study we will be able to delve into the efforts made by Francoism to ideologically contribute to the consolidation of the principles of the New Order, exposing at the same time the internal difficulties and the lack of economic resources that accompanied them