Publication: Nuevas aproximaciones basadas en técnicas ómicas para la evaluación de los mecanismos de toxicidad de contaminantes alimentarios y ambientales
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2019-12-16
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La relevancia de los estudios toxicológicos recae en la preocupación por garantizar la seguridad del ser humano, de otras especies y del medioambiente. Tanto es así que existen diversos organismos públicos que se encargan de controlar y legislar la presencia de diferentes compuestos tóxicos en alimentos, fármacos, cosméticos, muestras medioambientales, etc. Dado que la toxicidad de un determinado compuesto siempre depende de la concentración a la que se encuentre, es necesario establecer unos límites máximos permitidos a partir de resultados obtenidos en diferentes tipos de estudios: caracterización fisicoquímica, evaluación de presencia y persistencia en el medioambiente, capacidad de bioacumulación, biomagnificación, transformación en el interior de organismos vivos, etc. Este conjunto de resultados permite la clasificación de los compuestos en función de su toxicidad. Sin embargo, un aspecto adicional que ha ido adquiriendo cada vez más importancia en los últimos años, es poder llegar a entender y elucidar cuáles son los mecanismos biomoleculares implicados y relacionados con la toxicidad de un determinado compuesto tras su interacción con un organismo dado. Es aquí donde las disciplinas ómicas juegan un papel destacable y fundamental, ya que, al tratarse de herramientas de descubrimiento, permiten identificar biomoléculas de forma masiva y no dirigida, ayudando así a elucidar dichos mecanismos de toxicidad o detoxificación a nivel molecular. Además, el conocimiento de estos mecanismos, no sólo constituye una herramienta de gran utilidad para clasificar de forma más exhaustiva a los compuestos en función de su toxicidad, sino que también ofrece la posibilidad de encontrar potenciales dianas terapéuticas que permitan, en algunos casos, revertir el daño generado tras la exposición a un determinado compuesto tóxico...
The relevance of toxicological studies lies in the concern to ensure the safety of humans, other species and the environment. So much so that there are various public organisms that are responsible for controlling and legislating the presence of different toxic compounds in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, environmental samples, and so on. Given that the toxicity of a given compound always depends on the concentration at which it is found; it is necessary to establish maximum permitted limits based on results obtained in different types of studies: physicochemical characterization, evaluation of presence and persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation capacity, biomagnification or transformation within living organisms, etc. This set of results allows the classification of compounds according to their toxicity. However, an additional aspect that has become increasingly important in recent years is the ability to understand and elucidate the biomolecular mechanisms involved in the toxicity of a given compound after its interaction with a given organism. It is here where the omics disciplines play an outstanding and fundamental role, since, being tools for discovery, they allow to identify biomolecules in a massive and non-targeted way, thus helping to elucidate these mechanisms of toxicity or detoxification at the molecular level. In addition, knowledge of these mechanisms not only constitutes a very useful tool for classifying compounds more exhaustively according to their toxicity, but also offers the possibility of finding potential therapeutic targets that allow, in some cases, to reverse the damage generated after exposure to a given toxic compound...
The relevance of toxicological studies lies in the concern to ensure the safety of humans, other species and the environment. So much so that there are various public organisms that are responsible for controlling and legislating the presence of different toxic compounds in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, environmental samples, and so on. Given that the toxicity of a given compound always depends on the concentration at which it is found; it is necessary to establish maximum permitted limits based on results obtained in different types of studies: physicochemical characterization, evaluation of presence and persistence in the environment, bioaccumulation capacity, biomagnification or transformation within living organisms, etc. This set of results allows the classification of compounds according to their toxicity. However, an additional aspect that has become increasingly important in recent years is the ability to understand and elucidate the biomolecular mechanisms involved in the toxicity of a given compound after its interaction with a given organism. It is here where the omics disciplines play an outstanding and fundamental role, since, being tools for discovery, they allow to identify biomolecules in a massive and non-targeted way, thus helping to elucidate these mechanisms of toxicity or detoxification at the molecular level. In addition, knowledge of these mechanisms not only constitutes a very useful tool for classifying compounds more exhaustively according to their toxicity, but also offers the possibility of finding potential therapeutic targets that allow, in some cases, to reverse the damage generated after exposure to a given toxic compound...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Analítica, leída el 08/11/2019