Publication: Las construcciones desiderativas en español clásico
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2020-12-18
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Esta tesis ofrece un análisis detallado del funcionamiento en el discurso y las propiedades gramaticales de las construcciones desiderativas en español clásico. Estas construcciones aparecen fundamentalmente en la interacción conversacional, en el diálogo. La selección de las fuentes primarias para la elaboración del corpus de la tesis se basa en ese principio: veintiuna obras de los siglos XVI y XVII pertenecientes a géneros discursivos con características propias de la inmediatez comunicativa. Para analizar las desiderativas en este periodo del español he diseñado una base de datos en SQLite a partir de la lectura de las obras y la extracción de todos los ejemplos de estas construcciones: en total la base de datos cuenta con 1160 ejemplos y 479 ejemplos límite, a los que hay que sumar los datos procedentes de otros estudios históricos del español, los datos descubiertos mediante búsquedas en corpora digitalizados, como CORDE o CNDHE, o los datos de otras lenguas del mundo, tomados de distintos tipos de fuente. Las desiderativas no han recibido la atención que debían en ninguna tradición gramatical. Su definición imprecisa como ‘expresión de deseos’ o su adscripción a la poco definida clase de los actos de habla expresivos son algunas de las consecuencias. Por ello, antes de abordar el estudio de estas construcciones en el corpus, examino las causas de esa falta de atención que ha sufrido la modalidad desiderativa y el tratamiento que ha recibido en distintas tradiciones. El análisis del corpus me ha permitido, además, redefinir con precisión, atendiendo a criterios gramaticales y pragmáticos, lo que es una desiderativa: ‘una construcción independiente sintácticamente mediante la cual el hablante expresa una actitud favorable a que se cumpla un evento irreal cuya ejecución no depende ni del propio hablante ni de su interlocutor’ (Núñez Pinero 2019b). Otras propiedades pragmáticas y gramaticales se han revelado como parámetros de variación entre unos tipos de desiderativas y otras; en este caso, concretamente, he estudiado esas propiedades en las desiderativas del español clásico. En esta lengua las construcciones desiderativas, si son oracionales, exigen una forma verbal de subjuntivo: esta tesis contribuye, así, a explicar el funcionamiento del subjuntivo en los siglos XVI y XVII, ya que hasta ahora se había descrito basándose en el análisis, sobre todo, de las construcciones condicionales. Además del subjuntivo, otras marcas de modalidad pueden aparecer en las desiderativas del español clásico, si bien las construcciones de subjuntivo sin elemento introductor son con mucho las más frecuentes en el periodo. Pueden estar introducidas por que, un adverbio (así, ojalá, ya, ahora) o el pronombre desiderativo quién; también pueden expresarse mediante condicionales suspendidas o mediante estructuras no oracionales...
This dissertation offers a detailed analysis of how optative constructions work in Classical Spanish in discourse, and of their grammatical properties. These constructions appear mainly in conversational interactions, in dialogue. I based the selection of primary sources for the creation of the dissertation’s corpus on that principle: the corpus includes twentyone works from the 16th and 17th centuries belonging to discourse genres that present features of communicative immediacy.In order to analyze optatives as they appear in this period of the Spanish language, I designed a database in SQLite to contain all examples of these constructions that I compiled after reading the works. In total, the database contains 1160 instances of optative constructions and 479 edge cases. Data from other historical studies of Spanish, discovered through queries in digitalized corpora, such as CORDE or CNDHE, were added to these instances. Additional data was also taken from other world languages and from different source types. Optatives have not received the attention that they deserve in any grammatical tradition. Their imprecise definition, i.e. ‘expression of wishes’, or their attachment to expressive speech acts, in of itself a poorly defined class, are some of the consequences. Therefore, before tackling the study of these constructions in the corpus, I examine the causes of this lack of attention paid to the optative illocution, and its treatment in different traditions. My analysis of the corpus I compiled has also allowed me to redefine the category of optatives with precision while attending to grammatical and pragmatic criteria: an optative is ‘a syntactically independent construction in which the speaker expresses a favorable attitude towards the fulfillment of an unreal event whose execution does not depend on the speaker or on their interlocutor’ (Núñez Pinero 2019b). I have found other pragmatic and gramatical properties as factors of variation among different optatives types. I have studied those factors in Classical Spanish optatives. Classical Spanish optative constructions, if they are clausal, require a subjunctive verbal form. For that reason, this dissertation contributes to a more complete explanation of the function of the Spanish subjunctive in the 16th and 17th centuries in relation to previous descriptions based on (and limited by) analysis of mostly conditional constructions. In addition to the subjunctive, Classical Spanish optatives may be introduced by other illocution markers. However, subjunctive constructions without an introductory element are by far the most frequently used during the Classical period. They may be introduced by que, an adverb (así, ojalá, ya, ahora) or the optative pronoun quién. They can also be expressed by conditionals without an apodosis, or by non-clausal structures..
This dissertation offers a detailed analysis of how optative constructions work in Classical Spanish in discourse, and of their grammatical properties. These constructions appear mainly in conversational interactions, in dialogue. I based the selection of primary sources for the creation of the dissertation’s corpus on that principle: the corpus includes twentyone works from the 16th and 17th centuries belonging to discourse genres that present features of communicative immediacy.In order to analyze optatives as they appear in this period of the Spanish language, I designed a database in SQLite to contain all examples of these constructions that I compiled after reading the works. In total, the database contains 1160 instances of optative constructions and 479 edge cases. Data from other historical studies of Spanish, discovered through queries in digitalized corpora, such as CORDE or CNDHE, were added to these instances. Additional data was also taken from other world languages and from different source types. Optatives have not received the attention that they deserve in any grammatical tradition. Their imprecise definition, i.e. ‘expression of wishes’, or their attachment to expressive speech acts, in of itself a poorly defined class, are some of the consequences. Therefore, before tackling the study of these constructions in the corpus, I examine the causes of this lack of attention paid to the optative illocution, and its treatment in different traditions. My analysis of the corpus I compiled has also allowed me to redefine the category of optatives with precision while attending to grammatical and pragmatic criteria: an optative is ‘a syntactically independent construction in which the speaker expresses a favorable attitude towards the fulfillment of an unreal event whose execution does not depend on the speaker or on their interlocutor’ (Núñez Pinero 2019b). I have found other pragmatic and gramatical properties as factors of variation among different optatives types. I have studied those factors in Classical Spanish optatives. Classical Spanish optative constructions, if they are clausal, require a subjunctive verbal form. For that reason, this dissertation contributes to a more complete explanation of the function of the Spanish subjunctive in the 16th and 17th centuries in relation to previous descriptions based on (and limited by) analysis of mostly conditional constructions. In addition to the subjunctive, Classical Spanish optatives may be introduced by other illocution markers. However, subjunctive constructions without an introductory element are by far the most frequently used during the Classical period. They may be introduced by que, an adverb (así, ojalá, ya, ahora) or the optative pronoun quién. They can also be expressed by conditionals without an apodosis, or by non-clausal structures..
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Filología, leída el 09-07-2020