Publication: La Cooperativa de Iniciativa Social: un modelo de Empresa Social en España
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2020
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Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Escuela de Estudios Cooperativos
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Este artículo aborda una figura organizacional del ámbito de la Economía Social española apenas analizada hasta ahora en la literatura académica: la cooperativa de iniciativa social (CIS). A través de un análisis descriptivo, el artículo ofrece una primera aproximación para delimitar, cuantificar y caracterizar las cooperativas de iniciativa social en España. La investigación se basa fundamentalmente en los datos cedidos por los Registros autonómicos y provinciales de cooperativas. Dicha información ha permitido analizar el contexto y proceso de institucionalización en el que surgen las CIS en España, el marco normativo que las regula en cada comunidad autónoma, la cuantificación del número de CIS existentes en España y la evolución de la creación de estas entidades, su distribución geográfica, su tamaño en términos de número inicial de socios y capital social inicial, y su distribución sectorial. Además, se ha podido realizar también un análisis comparativo de las CIS con el conjunto del sector cooperativo. Los resultados permiten obtener el siguiente perfil: en 2017 existían 647 CIS activas en España, localizadas principalmente en Andalucía, Cataluña, País Vasco y Madrid. Las CIS son entidades de pequeño tamaño, que tienden a crearse con menos de 5 socios y un capital social inicial de menos de 5.000 euros. Su actividad se localiza fundamentalmente en los sectores de Educación y de Servicios sociales y sanitarios. El perfil obtenido para la CIS encaja perfectamente en la conceptualización europea de empresa social, al combinar una dimensión económica, social y de gobernanza democrática. En esta línea, contribuimos a la literatura internacional sobre empresa social, abordando los recientes llamamientos de diversos autores para comenzar a contrastar empíricamente las conceptualizaciones existentes de empresa social con la amplia variedad de modelos y experiencias que existen en el mundo. Así, el estudio se sitúa en una línea de trabajo emergente que está mapeando y analizando el surgimiento, desarrollo y características de distintas tipologías de empresa social en diferentes territorios.
This article examines an organizational form in the field of the Spanish Social Economy that has been neglected in the academic literature: the social initiative cooperative. Through a descriptive analysis, the article offers a first approach to delimit, quantify and characterize social initiative cooperatives in Spain. The research is based on the data provided by the regional and provincial Cooperative Registration Offices. This information allowed us to analyze the context and process of institutionalization in which social cooperatives emerged in Spain, the regulatory framework that governs them in each autonomous community, the quantification of the number of social cooperatives in Spain and the evolution of the creation of these organizations, their geographical distribution, their size in terms of the initial number of members and initial share capital, and their sectoral distribution. In addition, it was also possible to carry out a comparative analysis between social cooperatives and the cooperative sector as a whole. The findings yield the following profile: in 2017 there were 647 active social cooperatives in Spain, located mainly in the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia, Catalonia, the Basque Country and Madrid. Spanish social cooperatives are small sized organizations, which tend to be created mainly with less than 5 members and an initial share capital of less than €5,000. Their activity is mainly located in the sectors of Education and Social and Health Services. Likewise, the profile obtained for the Spanish social cooperative fits perfectly into the European concept of social enterprise, as it combines an economic, social and democratic governance dimension. We contribute to the international literature on social enterprise, addressing recent calls to empirically contrast existing conceptualizations of social enterprise with the wide variety of models and experiences that exist in the world. Thus, the study is situated within an incipient line of work that is mapping and analyzing the emergence, development and characteristics of different typologies of social enterprise in different territories.
This article examines an organizational form in the field of the Spanish Social Economy that has been neglected in the academic literature: the social initiative cooperative. Through a descriptive analysis, the article offers a first approach to delimit, quantify and characterize social initiative cooperatives in Spain. The research is based on the data provided by the regional and provincial Cooperative Registration Offices. This information allowed us to analyze the context and process of institutionalization in which social cooperatives emerged in Spain, the regulatory framework that governs them in each autonomous community, the quantification of the number of social cooperatives in Spain and the evolution of the creation of these organizations, their geographical distribution, their size in terms of the initial number of members and initial share capital, and their sectoral distribution. In addition, it was also possible to carry out a comparative analysis between social cooperatives and the cooperative sector as a whole. The findings yield the following profile: in 2017 there were 647 active social cooperatives in Spain, located mainly in the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia, Catalonia, the Basque Country and Madrid. Spanish social cooperatives are small sized organizations, which tend to be created mainly with less than 5 members and an initial share capital of less than €5,000. Their activity is mainly located in the sectors of Education and Social and Health Services. Likewise, the profile obtained for the Spanish social cooperative fits perfectly into the European concept of social enterprise, as it combines an economic, social and democratic governance dimension. We contribute to the international literature on social enterprise, addressing recent calls to empirically contrast existing conceptualizations of social enterprise with the wide variety of models and experiences that exist in the world. Thus, the study is situated within an incipient line of work that is mapping and analyzing the emergence, development and characteristics of different typologies of social enterprise in different territories.
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