Publication: Cómo se calma al primo en la ESO: la externalización a PCPI y la subjetivación de la selección escolar
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2020
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Universitat de València
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Abstract
Este artículo analiza el proceso de externalización a los PCPI desde la ESO. Describe las negociaciones, interacciones y estrategias que implica, los actores que intervienen y sus efectos subjetivos en los estudiantes. Parte de un estudio etnográfico en un instituto público de Madrid, basado en documentación, observación participante y entrevistas a alumnos y al equipo del centro. La propuesta de derivación a un dispositivo de cualificación profesional fuera de la ESO supone una degradación de estatus para los alumnos, definidos como incapaces de acabar la educación obligatoria. Se adaptan a ello de forma distinta según el deterioro previo de su situación e identidad escolar: viven la externalización como un alivio o un fracaso; la aceptan o se resisten a ella. El trabajo de cooling out realizado por los docentes y orientadores, en colaboración o en tensión con amigos y padres, acaba logrando que el alumno acepte su degradación y recomponga su identidad. Los estudiantes externalizados interiorizan la selección escolar: acaban percibiendo la externalización como la opción más razonable, representándosela a posteriori como una elección individual. Este proceso se refleja también en la elección de la especialidad del PCPI, que escogen, entre otras razones, tratando de compensar la degradación y prevenir futuros fracasos.
This paper deals with the process of externalization of pupils from compulsory lower secondary education to external programs (PCPI). It describes the negotiations, interactions and strategies deployed in the process, as well as the actors involved and the subjective effects it has on the students. The paper is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a state secondary school in Madrid, and draws on document analysis, participant observation and interviews with students and the school personnel. The proposal of referral to basic vocational training programs external to compulsory education constitutes a status degradation for the students, which are defined as unable to complete compulsory education. Pupils cope with it in different ways depending on previous damage of their academic situation and identities: they experience externalization either as relief or a personal failure; they either accept it or resist. The cooling out activity conducted by teachers and school counsellors, colluding or competing with parents and peers, manages to make pupils accept their downgrading and rebuild their identities. Students interiorize educational selection: eventually, they perceive it as the most reasonable option and they end up representing it a posteriori as an individual choice. This process has also an impact on their choice of vocational course: they make their choice, among other reasons, trying to compensate for their symbolic downgrading and in order to prevent future failures.
This paper deals with the process of externalization of pupils from compulsory lower secondary education to external programs (PCPI). It describes the negotiations, interactions and strategies deployed in the process, as well as the actors involved and the subjective effects it has on the students. The paper is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a state secondary school in Madrid, and draws on document analysis, participant observation and interviews with students and the school personnel. The proposal of referral to basic vocational training programs external to compulsory education constitutes a status degradation for the students, which are defined as unable to complete compulsory education. Pupils cope with it in different ways depending on previous damage of their academic situation and identities: they experience externalization either as relief or a personal failure; they either accept it or resist. The cooling out activity conducted by teachers and school counsellors, colluding or competing with parents and peers, manages to make pupils accept their downgrading and rebuild their identities. Students interiorize educational selection: eventually, they perceive it as the most reasonable option and they end up representing it a posteriori as an individual choice. This process has also an impact on their choice of vocational course: they make their choice, among other reasons, trying to compensate for their symbolic downgrading and in order to prevent future failures.