Publication: La construcción del «fracaso escolar» en España. Génesis y cristalización de un problema social
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2017
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
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Abstract
Este artículo analiza la génesis del «fracaso escolar» como problema social y público en España. Parte de un estudio sociohistórico basado en diversos documentos (prensa, revistas educativas, legislación, informes oficiales y libros). Pese a la evidencia con la que se nos presenta hoy en día, el «fracaso escolar» es un problema relativamente reciente: aunque pueden localizarse algunos antecedentes a finales del siglo xix y principios del xx, no emerge como problema social hasta los años sesenta y setenta, cristalizando definitivamente como problema público en 1980. Este proceso es el resultado de un trabajo colectivo de enunciación que movilizó a actores diversos en un contexto de extensión de la escolarización y el credencialismo, de transformación de la forma escolar, de emergencia de las nuevas clases medias, de formación de un campo de expertos de la infancia y la adolescencia, de desarrollo de las ciencias sociales y de la educación y de redefinición del espacio público y el campo político.
This paper analyses the emergence of “school failure” as a social and public problem in Spain, drawing on a socio-historical study based on a variety of documents (press, educational reviews, legal texts, official reports and books). Although apparently self-evident, “school failure” (understood in Spain as not graduating from compulsory secondary education) is a fairly recent problem: while some precedents might be found in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth, it emerged as a social problem in the 1960s and finally crystallized as a public problem in 1980. This process is the result of a collective work of enunciation that mobilized different actors in a context of expanded schooling, spreading credentialism, changes in school organization, emergence of the new middle classes and a field of experts on childhood and youth, the development of social and educational sciences, and the reshaping of public space and the political field.
This paper analyses the emergence of “school failure” as a social and public problem in Spain, drawing on a socio-historical study based on a variety of documents (press, educational reviews, legal texts, official reports and books). Although apparently self-evident, “school failure” (understood in Spain as not graduating from compulsory secondary education) is a fairly recent problem: while some precedents might be found in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth, it emerged as a social problem in the 1960s and finally crystallized as a public problem in 1980. This process is the result of a collective work of enunciation that mobilized different actors in a context of expanded schooling, spreading credentialism, changes in school organization, emergence of the new middle classes and a field of experts on childhood and youth, the development of social and educational sciences, and the reshaping of public space and the political field.