Publication: Génesis de la episteme de lo criminal: anotaciones en torno a Beccaria, Ferri y Foucault
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2021
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CSIC. Instituto de Filosofía
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Abstract
Los principios fundamentales de la escuela clásica utilitarista (el libre albedrío, la proporción entre los delitos y las penas, y la uniformidad de las penas) caracterizan dicha tendencia como una criminología administrativa y legal. Ello tuvo dos implicaciones. Por una parte, se obviaron los motivos y las causas últimas del comportamiento y las consecuencias desiguales de una norma arbitraria. Por otra, se redujo la función del juez a la aplicación de la ley, mientras que a esta le correspondía fijar una pena para cada delito. A finales del siglo xix tales principios conocen la irrupción progresiva de otra episteme punitiva surgida como consecuencia de la colonización del espacio jurídico por parte de las ciencias positivas (médicas y sociales) y los programas de acción etiológicos. No se trata de un programa planificado y preestablecido, sino de la confluencia de una serie de teorías y de programas de prevención penales que Michel Foucault resumió como la constatación de que la ley funciona cada vez más como una norma. De ese modo, la criminalidad además de constituir el objeto de un interés científico constituye también el indicador de una problemática social y por tanto su inserción en una economía de poder cambiante.
The fundamental principles of the classical utilitarian school (free will, the proportion between offences and penalties, the uniformity of penalties) characterize this trend as an administrative and legal criminology. This had two implications. On the one hand, the motives, and ultimate causes of the behavior and the unequal consequences of an arbitrary rule were ignored. On the other hand, the role of the judge was reduced to enforcing the law, while it was up to the judge to set a penalty for each offence. At the end of the nineteenth century, these principles saw the gradual emergence of another punitive episteme that had emerged as a result of the colonization of the legal space by the positive sciences (medical and social) and etiological action programs. This was not a planned and pre-established course, but the confluence of a series of theories and programs for penal prevention that Michel Foucault summarized as the realization that the law was increasingly functioning as a norm. Now, criminality, besides being the object of scientific interest, also constitutes the indicator of a social problem and therefore its insertion in an economy of changing power.
The fundamental principles of the classical utilitarian school (free will, the proportion between offences and penalties, the uniformity of penalties) characterize this trend as an administrative and legal criminology. This had two implications. On the one hand, the motives, and ultimate causes of the behavior and the unequal consequences of an arbitrary rule were ignored. On the other hand, the role of the judge was reduced to enforcing the law, while it was up to the judge to set a penalty for each offence. At the end of the nineteenth century, these principles saw the gradual emergence of another punitive episteme that had emerged as a result of the colonization of the legal space by the positive sciences (medical and social) and etiological action programs. This was not a planned and pre-established course, but the confluence of a series of theories and programs for penal prevention that Michel Foucault summarized as the realization that the law was increasingly functioning as a norm. Now, criminality, besides being the object of scientific interest, also constitutes the indicator of a social problem and therefore its insertion in an economy of changing power.