Publication: Los desplazamientos de la «raza»: de una invención política y la materialidad de sus efectos
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Publication Date
2003
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Este artículo propone un recorrido por el concepto de «raza» partiendo de las críticas al racismo biológico que desmentían la existencia de “razas” en su definición biológico-genética. De la mano del «giro lingüístico» y el sociocontruccionismo las «razas» pasan a ser entendidos en términos «meramente culturales”, esto es, se pasa de una explicación «naturalista» donde el elemento privilegiado de la explicación es la naturaleza, o una donde el elemento privilegiado es la sociedad. Pero los planteamientos sociocontruccionistas han sustentado también una nueva versión de racismo: El «racismo cultural». En un giro perverso de los planteamientos culturalistas de respeto a lo diversidad, desde e/racismo cultural se considerará que si las diferencias son culturales y las culturas inconmensurables, éstas no se deberían mezclar para preservar la identidad propia de cada uno. Las «culturas» se consideran compartimentos estancos sin relaciones entre ellas. Por otro lado desde versiones liberales de este modelo culturalista surgen llamadas a promover el llamado «multiculturalismo» Se entiende que hay múltiples culturas, todos ellas respetables y que deben «tolerarse» unas a otras ya que habitan en el mismo espacio. El artículo analiza las materialidades de estos discursos en las prácticas políticas cotidianas y cómo estas «racializan» determinadas subjetividades mediante prácticas performativas que inscriben determinados cuerpos, espacios y representaciones como otros. Se analizan también ciertos narrativas del multiculturalismo y las implicaciones de tales discursos tratando de visibilizar las materialidades que reproducen y las exclusiones que (re)crean, ensayando un artefacto teórico que permita dar cuenta de las complejas formaciones de subjetividades racializadas, generizadas, sexualizadas y incorporadas en discursos de clase. Una elaboración que permita ir más alIó de ideas de ejes de opresión yuxtapuestas e isomórficos, y que atienda a las situaciones en las que una marca de exclusión determinada se convierte en la condición no marcada para la actuación de otra.
This article proposes a journey around the concept of «race», starting from the critiques of biological racism that refute the existence of «races» in its bio-genetic definition. With the «linguistic turn» and the rise of social constructionism, «races came to be understood in «merely cultural terms», that is, a move from a «naturalist» definition where the privileged element in the explanation is nature, to one where the privileged element is society, occurs. However, social constructionists perspectives have also sustained a new version of racism: «cultural racism». In a perverse twist of culturalists ideas of respec to to diversity, cultural racism perspectives claim that if differences are cultural and cultures incommensurable, they should not mix to preserve their own identity. Cultures will be then considered as water-tight compartments without any relation between them. From liberal versions of this culturalist model claims appear to promote «multiculturalism». It is understood that there are multiple cultures, all of them respectable and they should tolerate each other, as they inhabit a common space. This article analyzes the materialities of these discourses on everyday political practices and how they «racialize» particular subjectivities through performative practices, which inscribe concrete bodies, spaces and representations as others. It analyzes also some narratives of multiculturalism and the implications of these discourses highlighting the materialities they (re)produce and the exclusions they (re)create, by proposing a theoretical artifact that may allow to give account to the complex formations of subjectivities racialized, genderized, sexualized and incorporated into class discourses. An elaboration that allows going beyond the ideas of juxtaposed and isomorphic axis of oppression, and paying attention to the situations where a particular mark of exclusion becomes the unmarked condition for the action of some other.
This article proposes a journey around the concept of «race», starting from the critiques of biological racism that refute the existence of «races» in its bio-genetic definition. With the «linguistic turn» and the rise of social constructionism, «races came to be understood in «merely cultural terms», that is, a move from a «naturalist» definition where the privileged element in the explanation is nature, to one where the privileged element is society, occurs. However, social constructionists perspectives have also sustained a new version of racism: «cultural racism». In a perverse twist of culturalists ideas of respec to to diversity, cultural racism perspectives claim that if differences are cultural and cultures incommensurable, they should not mix to preserve their own identity. Cultures will be then considered as water-tight compartments without any relation between them. From liberal versions of this culturalist model claims appear to promote «multiculturalism». It is understood that there are multiple cultures, all of them respectable and they should tolerate each other, as they inhabit a common space. This article analyzes the materialities of these discourses on everyday political practices and how they «racialize» particular subjectivities through performative practices, which inscribe concrete bodies, spaces and representations as others. It analyzes also some narratives of multiculturalism and the implications of these discourses highlighting the materialities they (re)produce and the exclusions they (re)create, by proposing a theoretical artifact that may allow to give account to the complex formations of subjectivities racialized, genderized, sexualized and incorporated into class discourses. An elaboration that allows going beyond the ideas of juxtaposed and isomorphic axis of oppression, and paying attention to the situations where a particular mark of exclusion becomes the unmarked condition for the action of some other.