Publication: Enkidu el semita. Una visión nómada de la epopeya de Gilgamesh.
Loading...
Official URL
Full text at PDC
Publication Date
2022-05-31
Authors
Advisors (or tutors)
Editors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Citations
Exportar
Abstract
Este trabajo estudia el momento en el que la epopeya mesopotámica de Gilgamesh abandona la estructura prototípica de un relato de corte sumerio para asumir, a partir del 1.800 ANE, formas narrativas representativas del nomadismo semita-amorreo. Para conseguir tal objetivo nos centramos en Enkidu: esclavo primero en las baladas sumerias, compañero del rey después en las tablillas acadias. Argumentamos, tras examinar las transformaciones habidas en las distintas versiones de la epopeya de Gilgamesh, que los diferentes tratamientos de Enkidu en ellas traslucen cómo se produjo la integración de las gentes (semi)nómadas amorreas en la Babilonia del Bronce Medio. Esta histórica y atestiguadísima integración de gentes semitas en Mesopotamia provocó que los escribas mesopotamios trataran de congeniar en una reinterpretación acadia de las hazañas de Gilgamesh los dicotómicos, y en buena parte estereotipados, modelos de sedentarismo ciudadano y seminomadismo. Nuestro examen del importantísimo papel de Enkidu en la epopeya de Gilgamesh nos conduce a su relectura según una serie de claves conceptuales y narrativas de corte semito-amorreas.
The aim of this essay is to study the transformation of the Epic of Gilgamesh from 1800BCE onwards, when the gradual abandonment of Sumerian literary tradition structures the epic around the language and experience of Semitic-Amorite nomadism. This especially concerns thenature of Enkidu –the king’s slave in Sumerian ballads, but his comrade in Akkadian tablets–.The results of this research support the idea that the integration of (semi)nomadic people in Middle Bronze Babylon prompted scribes to reconcile the dichotomous models of city and nomadism in an Akkadian reinterpretation of the exploits of Gilgamesh. All this will lead us to arereading of the first epic of universal literature in a Semitic-Amorite key.
The aim of this essay is to study the transformation of the Epic of Gilgamesh from 1800BCE onwards, when the gradual abandonment of Sumerian literary tradition structures the epic around the language and experience of Semitic-Amorite nomadism. This especially concerns thenature of Enkidu –the king’s slave in Sumerian ballads, but his comrade in Akkadian tablets–.The results of this research support the idea that the integration of (semi)nomadic people in Middle Bronze Babylon prompted scribes to reconcile the dichotomous models of city and nomadism in an Akkadian reinterpretation of the exploits of Gilgamesh. All this will lead us to arereading of the first epic of universal literature in a Semitic-Amorite key.
Description
UCM subjects
Unesco subjects
Keywords
Citation
Ackerman, S. (2005): When heroes love. The ambiguity of Eros in the stories of Gilgamesh and David, Nueva York, Columbia University Press.
Aubet, M. E. (2013): Commerce and Colonization in the Ancient Near East, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Beaulieu, P-A. (2018): A History of Babylon, 2200 BC-AD 75, Sussex, John Wiley & Sons.
Black, J., Cunningham, G., Robson, E. y Zólyomi, G. (2006): The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Bryce, T. y Birkett-Rees, J. (2016): Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period, Nueva York, Routledge.
Buccellati, G. (2010): “'River Bank,' 'High Country' and 'Pasture Land': The Growth of Nomadism on the Middle Euphrates and the Khabur” en S. Eichler, M. Wäfler, D. Warburton (eds.), Tell al-Hamidiyah 2, Göttingen, Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, pp. 87-117.
Buccellati, G. (2019): “The First Gilgamesh Conjectures About the Earliest Epic” en Avetisyan, P. S., Dan, R., & Grekyan, Y. H. (eds.), Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday, Oxford, Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, pp. 114-9.
Burke, A. A. (2021): The Amorites and the Bronze Age Near East: The Making of a Regional Identity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, J. (1949): The hero with a thousand faces, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Charpin, D. (2008): Lire et écrire à Babylone, París, Presses Universitaires de France.
Dalley, S. (2012): The City of Babylon: A History, c. 2000 BC – AD 116, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Dickson, K. (2007): “Looking at the Other in Gilgamesh”, Journal of the American Oriental Society Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 127, No. 2, pp. 171-182.
Eliade, M. (1972): El mito del eterno retorno, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.
Eliade, M. (1978): A History of Religious Ideas I, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
47
Feldt, L. (2016): “Religion, Nature, and Ambiguous Space in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Mountain Wilderness in Old Babylonian Religious Narratives”, Numen Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 347-382.
Fleming, D. E., Milstein, S. J. (2010): The buried foundation of the Gilgamesh epic: the Akkadian Huwawa narrative, Leiden, Brill.
George, A. R., (2003): The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic. Introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
Harper, R. F. (1907): The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon, Londres, The University of Chicago Press.
Heimpel, W. (1986): “The Sun at Night and the Doors of Heaven in Babylonian Texts”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 127-151.
Heinz, M. y Feldman, M. H. (eds.) (2007): Representations of political power: case histories from times of change and dissolving order in the ancient Near East, Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania.
Jung, C.G. (1970): Arquetipos e inconsciente colectivo, Barcelona, Paidós.
Katz, D. (1993): Gilgamesh and Akka, Groningen, Styx.
Klein, J., (1996): “The Marriage of Martu. The Urbanization of ‘Barbaric’ Nomads”, en Malul, Meir (ed.), Mutual Influences of Peoples and Cultures in the Ancient Near East, Haifa, Universidad de Haifa, pp. 83-96.
Kramer, S. N. (1963): The Sumerians. Their history, culture and character, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
Kuhrt, A. (2014): El Oriente Próximo en la Antigüedad, c. 3000-330 a.C., Barcelona, Crítica.
Lambert, W. G. (2018): Babylonian Creation Myths, Pennsylvania, Eisenbrauns.
Lara Peinado, F. y Cordero, M. G. (eds.) (1981): Poema babilónico de la creación. Enuma Eliš, Madrid, Editora Nacional.
Leemans, W. F. (1957): “The Contribution of the Nomads to the Babylonian Population”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 138-145.
Liverani, M. (1997): “‘Half-Nomads’ the Middle Euphrates and the Concept of Dimorphic Society”, Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 24, no 10, pp. 44-48.
48
Mandell, S. (1997): “Liminality, Altered States, and the Gilgamesh Epic.” en Maier, J. (ed.), Gilgamesh: A Reader, Wauconda, Bolchazy-Carducci, pp. 122–130.
Matthiae, P. (2020): Ebla. Archaeology and History, Abingdon, Routledge.
McGrane, B. (1989): Beyond Anthropology: Society and the Other, Nueva York, Columbia University Press.
Mobley, G. (1997): “The Wild Man in the Bible and the Ancient Near East”, Journal of Biblical Literature Vol. 116, No. 2, pp. 217-233.
Mobley, G. (2006): Samson and the Liminal Hero in the Ancient Near East, Londres, T & T Clark.
Pongratz-Leisten, B. (2001): “The Other and the Enemy in the Mesopotamian Conception of the World”, en R.M. Whiting, (ed.), Mythology and Mythologies: Methodological Approaches to Inter Cultural Influences (Melammu Symposia II) Helsinki, NATCP, pp. 195-231.
Porter, A. (2012): Mobile pastoralism and the formation of Near Eastern civilizations: Weaving together society, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.
Sanmartín, J. (2018): Gilgameš, rey de Uruk, Madrid, Trotta.
Sanmartín, J. (1999): Códigos legales de tradición babilónica, Barcelona, Trotta.
Schärf Kluger, R. (1991): The Archetypal Significance of Gilgamesh: A Modern Ancient Hero, Einsiedeln, Daimon Verlag.
Sinclair, M. (2007): Infamous Eve: A History, Tucson, Wheatmark.
Steiner, M. L. y Killebrew, A. E. (eds.) (2013): The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Tigay, J. H. (2002): The evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic, Wauconda, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.
Turner, V (1981): The drums of affliction: a study of religious processes among the Ndembu of Zambia, Nueva York, Cornell University Press.
Turner, V. (1967): The forest of symbols. Aspects of Ndembu ritual, Nueva York, Cornell University Press.
Turner, V. (1974): Dramas, fields and metaphors. Symbolic action in human society, Nueva York, Cornell University Press.
49
Van der Mieroop, M. (2020): Historia de Próximo Oriente Antiguo, ca. 3000-323 A.E.C., Madrid, Trotta.
Van Gennep, A. (1969): Los ritos de paso, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.
Weisberg, D. B. (2013): Leaders and legacies in assyriology and Bible, Pennsylvania, Penn State University Press.
Ziolkowski, T. (2012): Gilgamesh Among Us: Modern Encounters with the Ancient Epic, Nueva York, Cornell University Press.