Publication: Censura y ética: aproximación al término de biblioclastia
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2022-09
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Abstract
La biblioclastia es un término desconocido a la vez que tremendamente apasionante. Encierra el deseo del hombre de deshacerse históricamente del conocimiento, de una manera premeditada y con unas intenciones claras. Esta es la visión que defenderemos a lo largo de este Trabajo de Fin de Máster, al ser un concepto no reconocido por la RAE.
Para conocer los momentos claves en los que se han llevado a cabo actos de biblioclastia iniciaremos un viaje que comienza en la Edad Antigua, con la destrucción de dos de las grandes bibliotecas del pasado: la de Asurbanipal y la de la Alejandría. Continuaremos con la quema de libros en China, bajo el mandato del emperador Qin Shi Huang (221 a. C. - 210 a. C.). En la Edad Media, viajaremos a Al – Ándalus, donde un imparable Almanzor arrasará la biblioteca califal de Córdoba, en el año 979 d. C. Sin movernos de la península Ibérica, en el nombre de Cristo, el Tribunal de la Santa Inquisición lanzará a la hoguera miles de documentos. El s. XX verá nacer poderosas dictaduras. El nazismo (1933 – 1945) quemará miles de libros, mientras que durante la Guerra Civil (1936 – 1939) y el Franquismo (1939 – 1975) se hará lo mismo en España y más tarde en las dictaduras de Chile (1973 – 1990) y Argentina (1976 – 1983). Las dictaduras comunistas de Stalin (1922 – 1953) y Mao, con la Revolución Cultural (1966 – 1976), también protagonizaran actos similares. Este recorrido histórico finaliza con la biblioclastia más reciente. Así, a finales del s. XX, quedará reducida a cenizas la biblioteca de Sarajevo, en Bosnia, mientras que ya en el s. XXI correrá la misma suerte la biblioteca nacional de Bagdad, en el contexto de la guerra de Irak (2003 – 2011). La actual guerra ruso – ucraniana es otro ejemplo de que la biblioclastia no ha muerto. Finalizamos este periplo analizando la situación actual en la era digital, donde los métodos han cambiado pero no la amenaza constante a la destrucción del conocimiento.
Una vez familiarizados con el concepto, analizaremos si dichas acciones se han manifestado dentro del campo de la ética o si, por el contrario, han sido totalmente injustificadas. Concluiremos este trabajo aportando una serie de medidas preventivas para luchar contra la biblioclastia
Biblioclasty is an unknown term as well as tremendously exciting. It contains the desire of man to historically get rid of knowledge, in a premeditated way and with clear intentions. This is the view that we will defend throughout this Master's Thesis, as it is a concept not recognized by the RAE. To learn about the key moments in which acts of biblioclasty have been carried out, we will begin a journey that begins in the Ancient Age, with the destruction of two of the greatest libraries of the past: Ashurbanipal's and Alexandria's. We will continue with the burning of books in China, under Emperor Qin Shi Huang (221 BC - 210 BC). In the Middle Ages, we will travel to Al – Ándalus, where an unstoppable Almanzor will destroy the Caliphate library of Córdoba, in the year 979 AD. C. Without moving from the Iberian Peninsula, in the name of Christ, the Court of the Holy Inquisition will throw thousands of documents at the stake. The XXth century will see the birth of powerful dictatorships. Nazism (1933 – 1945) will burn thousands of books, while during the Civil War (1936 – 1939) and the Franco regime (1939 – 1975) the same will be done in Spain and later in the dictatorships of Chile (1973 – 1990) and Argentina (1976-1983). The communist dictatorships of Stalin (1922 - 1953) and Mao, with the Cultural Revolution (1966 - 1976), also carried out similar acts. This historical tour ends with the most recent biblioclast. Thus, at the end of the XXth century, the library of Sarajevo, in Bosnia, will be reduced to ashes, while already in the XXIst century,the national library of Bagdad will suffer the same fate,in the context of the war in Iraq (2003 - 2011). The current Russo-Ukrainian war is another example that biblioclasty is not dead. We end this journey by analyzing the current situation in the digital age, where methods have changed but the constant threat of document destruction has not. Once familiar with the concept, we will analyze whether these actions have been manifested within the field of ethics or if, on the contrary, they have been totally unjustified. We will conclude this essay by providing a series of preventive measures to fight against the biblioclasty.
Biblioclasty is an unknown term as well as tremendously exciting. It contains the desire of man to historically get rid of knowledge, in a premeditated way and with clear intentions. This is the view that we will defend throughout this Master's Thesis, as it is a concept not recognized by the RAE. To learn about the key moments in which acts of biblioclasty have been carried out, we will begin a journey that begins in the Ancient Age, with the destruction of two of the greatest libraries of the past: Ashurbanipal's and Alexandria's. We will continue with the burning of books in China, under Emperor Qin Shi Huang (221 BC - 210 BC). In the Middle Ages, we will travel to Al – Ándalus, where an unstoppable Almanzor will destroy the Caliphate library of Córdoba, in the year 979 AD. C. Without moving from the Iberian Peninsula, in the name of Christ, the Court of the Holy Inquisition will throw thousands of documents at the stake. The XXth century will see the birth of powerful dictatorships. Nazism (1933 – 1945) will burn thousands of books, while during the Civil War (1936 – 1939) and the Franco regime (1939 – 1975) the same will be done in Spain and later in the dictatorships of Chile (1973 – 1990) and Argentina (1976-1983). The communist dictatorships of Stalin (1922 - 1953) and Mao, with the Cultural Revolution (1966 - 1976), also carried out similar acts. This historical tour ends with the most recent biblioclast. Thus, at the end of the XXth century, the library of Sarajevo, in Bosnia, will be reduced to ashes, while already in the XXIst century,the national library of Bagdad will suffer the same fate,in the context of the war in Iraq (2003 - 2011). The current Russo-Ukrainian war is another example that biblioclasty is not dead. We end this journey by analyzing the current situation in the digital age, where methods have changed but the constant threat of document destruction has not. Once familiar with the concept, we will analyze whether these actions have been manifested within the field of ethics or if, on the contrary, they have been totally unjustified. We will conclude this essay by providing a series of preventive measures to fight against the biblioclasty.