Publication: Sistemática integrada del género "Usnea" Dill. "Ex" Adans: ("Parmeliaceae) en la Península Ibérica
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2016-03-14
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El género Usnea es uno de los géneros de hongos liquenizados más grandes dentro de la familia Parmeliaceae. Incluye entre 300 y 600 especies, dependiendo de los autores y está ampliamente distribuido por todos los continentes, apareciendo en regiones polares, templadas y tropicales. El elevado número de taxones, unido a la gran variación química y morfológica intraespecífica, ha dificultado enormemente la delimitación de las especies y causado confusión en la nomenclatura. Pese a las numerosas revisiones taxonómicas ya realizadas, Usnea sigue siendo un género particularmente difícil y su diversidad real y las relaciones entre especies aún se desconocen. Por estos motivos, la presente tesis doctoral ha tenido como objetivo principal el de resolver los problemas taxonómicos y nomenclaturales del género dentro de la Península Ibérica, así como su distribución en esta región. Para ello se recurrió al estudio de ejemplares procedentes de diversos herbarios y se realizó un trabajo de campo exhaustivo que abarcase la totalidad del territorio peninsular. Los especímenes fueron analizados morfológica y químicamente para tener un conocimiento de la plasticidad real que muestran las especies. Ante la variabilidad morfológica y química de muchas de las especies de Usnea y la dificultad de establecer una clasificación más natural con todos estos datos, se estudiaron sus relaciones filogenéticas mediante técnicas moleculares, valorando la variabilidad química, morfológica y anatómica. Por último, y recurriendo al uso de las nuevas técnicas de modelización ecológica, se establecieron modelos de distribución de los taxones estudiados en la Península Ibérica. La parte central de la memoria está estructurada en cinco apartados. En el primero de ellos, se aborda el estudio químico de las especies de Usnea presentes en la Península Ibérica, considerando la variación química intraespecífica. En el segundo se presenta una revisión de los caracteres morfológicos y anatómicos empleados tradicionalmente en la delimitación de las especies de Usnea, acompañado de una clave sinóptica. En el tercer apartado se realiza la caracterización del género Usnea en la Península Ibérica, aportando la descripción detallada de cada especie, su revisión nomenclatural y las claves de identificación. En el cuarto se estudian los patrones de distribución de las especies de Usnea en la Península ibérica, vinculándolos a características climatológicas y en el quinto se analizan las relaciones filogenéticas del género mediante técnicas moleculares, evaluando la variabilidad química y morfológica en relación a las relaciones de parentesco de las poblaciones. Así pues, en este estudio se reúnen, junto a los datos morfológicos y químicos, datos anatómicos, ecológicos y filogenéticos, con el objetivo de elaborar una taxonomía integrada y revisada del grupo...
The genus Usnea is one of the largest lichenized fungi genera within the family Parmeliaceae. It includes between 300 and 600 species depending on the author and is widely distributed in all continents, from polar to temperate and tropical regions. Due to the large number of taxa and the great morphological and chemical intraspecific variability, the delimitation of the species has become troublesome, causing great confusion in the nomenclature. Despite the numerous taxonomical revisions, Usnea is still a particularly difficult genus, and its real diversity and the relations between the species remains unknown. For these reasons, the aim of the present work is to solve some of the taxonomic and nomenclatural problems of the genus Usnea in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as to understand its distribution in this region. To achieve these objectives, specimens from different herbaria have been studied and an exhaustive fieldwork covering the entire peninsula has been carried out. The samples were morphologically and chemically studied to understand the real plasticity of the species. Given the great chemical and morphological variability of many of the species of Usnea, and the difficulty to establish a more natural classification of all data, their phylogenetic relationships were studied using molecular tools and, considering the chemical, morphological and anatomical variability. Finally, using the new ecological modelling tools, distribution models of the taxa in the Iberian Peninsula were established. The core part of this report is divided into five sections. In the first one, the chemical study of the Usnea species in the Iberian Peninsula is discussed, considering the chemical intraspecific variation. In the second one, a review of the morphological and anatomical characters traditionally used in the delimitation of the Usnea species is performed, including a synoptic key. The third section comprises the characterization of the genus Usnea in the Iberian Peninsula, providing a detailed description of each species, its nomenclatural review and an identification key. In the fourth one, the distribution patterns of the Usnea species in the Iberian Peninsula are studied, linking them to climatic conditions. Finally, in the fifth section, the phylogenetic relations of the genus are tested using molecular tools, assessing the chemical and morphological variability with regard to the relationships of different populations. Thus, in this study, chemical and morphological data, along with anatomical, ecological and phylogenetic data are gathered to achieve a reviewed integrative taxonomy of the group...
The genus Usnea is one of the largest lichenized fungi genera within the family Parmeliaceae. It includes between 300 and 600 species depending on the author and is widely distributed in all continents, from polar to temperate and tropical regions. Due to the large number of taxa and the great morphological and chemical intraspecific variability, the delimitation of the species has become troublesome, causing great confusion in the nomenclature. Despite the numerous taxonomical revisions, Usnea is still a particularly difficult genus, and its real diversity and the relations between the species remains unknown. For these reasons, the aim of the present work is to solve some of the taxonomic and nomenclatural problems of the genus Usnea in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as to understand its distribution in this region. To achieve these objectives, specimens from different herbaria have been studied and an exhaustive fieldwork covering the entire peninsula has been carried out. The samples were morphologically and chemically studied to understand the real plasticity of the species. Given the great chemical and morphological variability of many of the species of Usnea, and the difficulty to establish a more natural classification of all data, their phylogenetic relationships were studied using molecular tools and, considering the chemical, morphological and anatomical variability. Finally, using the new ecological modelling tools, distribution models of the taxa in the Iberian Peninsula were established. The core part of this report is divided into five sections. In the first one, the chemical study of the Usnea species in the Iberian Peninsula is discussed, considering the chemical intraspecific variation. In the second one, a review of the morphological and anatomical characters traditionally used in the delimitation of the Usnea species is performed, including a synoptic key. The third section comprises the characterization of the genus Usnea in the Iberian Peninsula, providing a detailed description of each species, its nomenclatural review and an identification key. In the fourth one, the distribution patterns of the Usnea species in the Iberian Peninsula are studied, linking them to climatic conditions. Finally, in the fifth section, the phylogenetic relations of the genus are tested using molecular tools, assessing the chemical and morphological variability with regard to the relationships of different populations. Thus, in this study, chemical and morphological data, along with anatomical, ecological and phylogenetic data are gathered to achieve a reviewed integrative taxonomy of the group...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Vegetal I, leída el 22-01-2016