Publication: Aspectos ecológicos de la sustentabilidad urbana en la región metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2016-03-15
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Los ecosistemas fluviales son componentes importantes de muchos sistemas urbanos y la investigación sobre estos ecosistemas en las ciudades está aumentando a nivel internacional, tanto en su alcance como en intensidad. En particular, se han incrementados los trabajos publicados sobre ríos urbanos desde la década de 1990, con un marcado aumento desde el año 2001 (Francis 2012). La mayoría de las investigaciones publicadas se han concentrado en la calidad del agua y en estudios de su flora y fauna. Solo el 3% de los trabajos publicados entre 1968 y 2011 han sido sobre el estudio de conceptos ecológicos, el 2% ha incluido temas sociales y económicos y menos del 1% ha tratado sobre los servicios ecosistémicos. Regionalmente, el 9% de los artículos publicados trata sobre ríos urbanos en Sudamérica (Francis 2012). A su vez, existe un número importante de publicaciones que analizan ecosistemas naturales dentro de entornos urbanos incorporando la influencia humana en estos análisis. Sin embargo, los patrones y procesos del desarrollo urbano asociados a esos componentes naturales no han sido adecuadamente abordados (McDonald y Patterson 2007). La ecología urbana tiene entre sus objetivos el análisis de la estructura de las ciudades, de sus flujos de materia y energía, y las interrelaciones de la ciudad con su entorno (Collins et al. 2000). En muchos casos, se incluyen entre sus objetivos aspectos de sostenibilidad (Di Pace y Crojethovich Martín 2004), e incluso un análisis entrópico de las ciudades como sistemas urbanos (Bettini 1998). Sus conceptos esenciales son el análisis del ambiente urbano, el enfoque de la ciudad funcionando como un ecosistema y analizada como un sistema complejo. El ambiente urbano se refiere a una forma particular de ocupación del espacio por una población; es decir, la aglomeración resultante de una fuerte concentración y de una densidad relativamente elevada, que tendría como correlato previsible una diferenciación funcional y social cada vez mayor. Incluye al ambiente natural generalmente antropizado de la ciudad, esto es, los elementos físicos de la naturaleza (relieve, clima, agua, aire, suelo, etc.), al ambiente construido, formado por las estructuras del espacio que son resultantes de la dinámica social sobre el territorio urbano (casas, comercios, rutas, vías férreas, aeropuertos, etc.),y por último, a la sociedad que habita en ese conglomerado (con sus características distintivas como: nivel de ingreso, acceso a educación, acceso a los servicios de salud, impacto de la contaminación sobre la salud, etc.)...
River ecosystems are important components of many urban systems and research on these ecosystems in the cities is increasing internationally, both in scope and intensity. In particular, there has been an increase in the literature on urban rivers since the 1990s, with a manifest increase since 2001 (Francis 2012). Most published research has focused on water quality and studies of flora and fauna. Only 3% of papers published between 1968 and 2011 have been on the study of ecological concepts, 2% have included social and economic issues and less than 1% has been about ecosystem services. Regionally, 9% of published works are on urban rivers in South America (Francis 2012). In turn, a significant number of publications that analyze natural ecosystems within urban environments incorporating the human influence on these analyzes were detected. However, the patterns and processes of urban development associated to these natural components have not been adequately addressed (McDonald y Patterson 2007). Urban ecology has among its objectives the analysis of the structure of cities, their flows of matter and energy, and interrelationships of the city with its environment (Collins et al. 2000). Also, in many cases, among its objectives aspects of sustainability are included (Di Pace and Crojethovich Martín 2004), and even an entropic analysis of cities as urban systems (Bettini 1998). Its essential concepts are the analysis of the urban environment, the focus of the city functioning as an ecosystem and analyzed as a complex system. The urban environment refers to a particular way of occupying space for a population; i.e. agglomeration resulting in a high concentration and a relatively high density, which would have the foreseeable correlate increasing functional and social differentiation. Anthropised generally includes natural environment of the city, that is, the physical elements of nature (relief, climate, water, air, soil, etc.), the built environment, formed by the structures of space that are resulting from the dynamic social on urban territory (houses, shops, roads, railways, airports, etc.), and finally to the society living in the cluster (with its distinctive features as: level of income, access to education, access to health services, the impact of pollution on health, etc.)...
River ecosystems are important components of many urban systems and research on these ecosystems in the cities is increasing internationally, both in scope and intensity. In particular, there has been an increase in the literature on urban rivers since the 1990s, with a manifest increase since 2001 (Francis 2012). Most published research has focused on water quality and studies of flora and fauna. Only 3% of papers published between 1968 and 2011 have been on the study of ecological concepts, 2% have included social and economic issues and less than 1% has been about ecosystem services. Regionally, 9% of published works are on urban rivers in South America (Francis 2012). In turn, a significant number of publications that analyze natural ecosystems within urban environments incorporating the human influence on these analyzes were detected. However, the patterns and processes of urban development associated to these natural components have not been adequately addressed (McDonald y Patterson 2007). Urban ecology has among its objectives the analysis of the structure of cities, their flows of matter and energy, and interrelationships of the city with its environment (Collins et al. 2000). Also, in many cases, among its objectives aspects of sustainability are included (Di Pace and Crojethovich Martín 2004), and even an entropic analysis of cities as urban systems (Bettini 1998). Its essential concepts are the analysis of the urban environment, the focus of the city functioning as an ecosystem and analyzed as a complex system. The urban environment refers to a particular way of occupying space for a population; i.e. agglomeration resulting in a high concentration and a relatively high density, which would have the foreseeable correlate increasing functional and social differentiation. Anthropised generally includes natural environment of the city, that is, the physical elements of nature (relief, climate, water, air, soil, etc.), the built environment, formed by the structures of space that are resulting from the dynamic social on urban territory (houses, shops, roads, railways, airports, etc.), and finally to the society living in the cluster (with its distinctive features as: level of income, access to education, access to health services, the impact of pollution on health, etc.)...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ecología, leída el 20-01-2016