Publication: Contribución a la mejora de la integración de la energía solar fotovoltaica en edificios
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2018-05-21
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La aplicación de los sistemas fotovoltaicos a la edificación como sistemas constructivos multifuncionales es una de las formas de aprovechamiento de la energía solar más óptima desde el punto de vista arquitectónico y urbanístico. Los módulos fotovoltaicos específicos para integración arquitectónica en la envolvente edificatoria deben responder a todas las demandas funcionales requeridas y, por tanto, deben cumplir con las especificaciones exigidas por la normativa técnica y legal. Esta información técnica tiene una doble finalidad. Por un lado, permite comparar las cualidades de los diferentes productos y verificar su idoneidad. Por otro lado, cada día se demanda una información técnica más detallada y realista con objeto de ensayar a priori, mediante simulación informática, distintas soluciones constructivas y evaluar sus rendimientos, permitiendo así, la selección de la más óptima desde el punto de vista de la eficiencia energética, por ejemplo. Sin embargo, esta información detallada y realista que se da teniendo en cuenta las particulares condiciones de operación es escasa a día de hoy, así como los medios específicos para obtenerla y las herramientas para utilizarla de forma conjunta y unificada. En esta tesis se analizan estos productos y las técnicas de caracterización habituales en los ámbitos de la energía solar fotovoltaica y de la edificación, y se lleva a cabo la caracterización de un conjunto representativo de muestras con diferentes tecnologías de célula fotovoltaica. Finalmente, se utilizan los resultados de esta caracterización en un programa de simulación energética de edificios para comprobar su utilidad y aplicabilidad. Las técnicas de caracterización utilizadas se basan en la normativa técnica vigente y en los trabajos que, sobre los distintos aspectos y factores, se han realizado más allá de esta hasta el momento. La caracterización se ha realizado en tres aspectos separados, pero que están relacionados: El comportamiento eléctrico de los módulos, su comportamiento óptico y su comportamiento térmico. Los tres tienen incidencia sobre el balance energético global del edificio donde se integren y viceversa. Los agentes externos y el recurso solar disponible son los que dictan, en mayor medida, dichos comportamientos. La simulación energética del edificio elegido se desarrolló con los programas EnergyPlus y System Advisor Monitor (SAM) del Laboratorio Nacional de Energías Renovables de los EE.UU. (NREL-DOE)...
The application of photovoltaic systems to the building projects as a multifunctional building systems, is one of the most optimal ways of solar energy usage, from the architectural and urbanistic point of view. The specific photovoltaic modules for integration into the building envelope must comply with all the functional demands required and, therefore, with the specifications required by the technical and legal regulations. This technical information has a dual purpose. First of all, it allows comparing the qualities of the different products and verifying its suitability. On the other hand, every day more detailed and realistic technical information is demanded in order to test in advance, by means of computer simulation, different constructive solutions and assess their yields. This approach allows the selection of the most optimal between them, from the point of view of energy efficiency for example. Nevertheless, detailed and realistic information, given taking into account the particular conditions of operation, is scarce today, as well as the specific methodologies to obtain it and the tools to be used jointly and unified. This thesis analyzes these products and the usual characterization techniques in the fields of solar photovoltaics and construction, and a study of a representative set of samples with different photovoltaic cell technologies is conducted. Finally, the experimental results are used as input in a building energy simulation software in order to check their usefulness and applicability. Characterization techniques considered are based on the technical regulations in force and in existing studies beyond these on the various aspects and factors. The characterization has been made in three separate, but related, aspects: the electric operation of the modules, their optical behavior and the heat transfer processes across them. All three performances have impact on the global energy balance of the building which integrates and vice versa. External agents and the available solar resource are those which define such behaviors to a greater extent. The energy simulation of the selected building was carried out using EnergyPlus and System Advisor Monitor (SAM) software of the National Laboratory of Renewable Energy of the US. (NREL-DOE)...
The application of photovoltaic systems to the building projects as a multifunctional building systems, is one of the most optimal ways of solar energy usage, from the architectural and urbanistic point of view. The specific photovoltaic modules for integration into the building envelope must comply with all the functional demands required and, therefore, with the specifications required by the technical and legal regulations. This technical information has a dual purpose. First of all, it allows comparing the qualities of the different products and verifying its suitability. On the other hand, every day more detailed and realistic technical information is demanded in order to test in advance, by means of computer simulation, different constructive solutions and assess their yields. This approach allows the selection of the most optimal between them, from the point of view of energy efficiency for example. Nevertheless, detailed and realistic information, given taking into account the particular conditions of operation, is scarce today, as well as the specific methodologies to obtain it and the tools to be used jointly and unified. This thesis analyzes these products and the usual characterization techniques in the fields of solar photovoltaics and construction, and a study of a representative set of samples with different photovoltaic cell technologies is conducted. Finally, the experimental results are used as input in a building energy simulation software in order to check their usefulness and applicability. Characterization techniques considered are based on the technical regulations in force and in existing studies beyond these on the various aspects and factors. The characterization has been made in three separate, but related, aspects: the electric operation of the modules, their optical behavior and the heat transfer processes across them. All three performances have impact on the global energy balance of the building which integrates and vice versa. External agents and the available solar resource are those which define such behaviors to a greater extent. The energy simulation of the selected building was carried out using EnergyPlus and System Advisor Monitor (SAM) software of the National Laboratory of Renewable Energy of the US. (NREL-DOE)...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, leída el 13/02/2017