Publication: Las niñas abandonadas: la inclusa de Madrid y el Colegio de la Paz, (1807-1934)
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2018-06-29
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Esta tesis pretende ser una historia de gentes sin historia, con el objetivo principal del estudio de las niñas abandonadas en los establecimientos benéficos de la Inclusa y el Colegio de la Paz de Madrid, entre 1807-1934. Estas niñas un día fueron condenadas desde la ilegitimidad de su nacimiento a la mayor de las pobrezas, sin familia, sin hogar, y lo más duro: sin identidad, sin nombre. También incluye la Casa de Maternidad, creada al principio de 1860, edificio anexo que en su conjunto formaba una sola Institución en la calle de Embajadores y la calle posterior, Mesón de Paredes. Y el Colegio de Desamparados destinado a los expósitos varones, situado durante la primera mitad del siglo en la calle de Atocha 117. Su marco histórico es el de una sociedad que quiere ocultar sus “pecados” y que está construida sobre una pobreza extrema que condujo a numerosas madres y padres a tomar la decisión más triste y cruel: el abandono de los hijos. Se cruzan así, las dimensiones sociales y económicas con las dimensiones culturales y morales en las que se desenvolvió. También comprende en este análisis las otras mujeres que participan en esta historia, a las damas de la nobleza y las monjas, y el papel que jugaron con sus actividades rectoras en estas instituciones y sus códigos culturales y morales de caridad, paternalismo y asistencia a los “pobres desvalidos.” Y las mujeres de las capas populares, en el contexto de sus condiciones y espacios de vida vinculados a los barrios bajos de Madrid. Son personajes también centrales en esta historia las nodrizas, las amas de cría, especialmente, las que sirvieron en la Inclusa de Madrid con la misión de amamantar expósitos, estudiadas desde la perspectiva de la configuración del oficio, dentro del impulso y desarrollo de la feminización del mercado de trabajo doméstico. también las madres solteras, enfrentadas a sí mismas por la vergüenza y deshonra como categorías morales impuestas por la sociedad en la que vivieron. Aunque el objetivo principal de estudio son las niñas abandonadas se abren muchas posibilidades metodológicas, desde la perspectiva del ejercicio del poder en distintos espacios (trabajo, cuarteles, escuelas, familia) en este caso, la Inclusa y Colegio de la Paz, mediante las normas y medidas disciplinarias de sus reglamentos. La vida de la Inclusa y del Colegio de la Paz se desarrolla en el espacio urbano madrileño que quiere dialogar en este estudio continuamente con la historia de sus gentes, en particular, las pertenecientes a un mundo de marginación y de unas capas populares que se desenvuelven en claves de supervivencia...
This thesis is intended to tell a history of people without history; its study objective is the abandoned girls who, owing to their illegitimate birth, were one day condemned to the worst of poverty, with no family or home and, worst of all, no identity or name, they were abandoned at Madrid’s charitable institutions, the Inclusa and the Colegio de la Paz from 1807 to 1934. It also includes the Casa de Maternidad, founded in early 1860, an adjoining building with which they formed a single institution on calle de Embajadores and calle Mesón de Paredes, the road behind it, as well as the Colegio de Desamparados – a home for male foundlings – located at calle de Atocha 117 during the first half of the century. Their historical framework was that of a society that tries to hide its “sins” and is built on an extreme poverty that led numerous mothers and fathers to take the cruelest and most heartbreaking of decisions: to abandon their children. Consequently, social and economic dimensions overlap with the cultural and moral dimensions in which they occurred. This analysis also includes the other women who are involved in this history, the ladies from the nobility and the nuns and the role they played with their governing roles in these institutions with their cultural and moral codes of charity, paternalism and assistance for the “destitute poor”. And the women from the lower classes in the context of their living conditions and spaces, linked to Madrid’s poor neighbourhoods. The wet nurses who worked at the Inclusa de Madrid nursing foundlings, are also especially important figures in this history, and are studied from the perspective of how their occupation took shape within the encouragement and development of the feminisation of the domestic employment market. And also the single mothers, confronted with themselves by shame and dishonour, the moral categories imposed by the society in which they lived. Although the main focus of the study is the abandoned girls, a range of methodological options open up from the perspective of how power is exercised in different spaces (workplaces, barracks, schools, family), in this case the Inclusa and Colegio de la Paz, through the disciplinary rules and measures in their regulations...
This thesis is intended to tell a history of people without history; its study objective is the abandoned girls who, owing to their illegitimate birth, were one day condemned to the worst of poverty, with no family or home and, worst of all, no identity or name, they were abandoned at Madrid’s charitable institutions, the Inclusa and the Colegio de la Paz from 1807 to 1934. It also includes the Casa de Maternidad, founded in early 1860, an adjoining building with which they formed a single institution on calle de Embajadores and calle Mesón de Paredes, the road behind it, as well as the Colegio de Desamparados – a home for male foundlings – located at calle de Atocha 117 during the first half of the century. Their historical framework was that of a society that tries to hide its “sins” and is built on an extreme poverty that led numerous mothers and fathers to take the cruelest and most heartbreaking of decisions: to abandon their children. Consequently, social and economic dimensions overlap with the cultural and moral dimensions in which they occurred. This analysis also includes the other women who are involved in this history, the ladies from the nobility and the nuns and the role they played with their governing roles in these institutions with their cultural and moral codes of charity, paternalism and assistance for the “destitute poor”. And the women from the lower classes in the context of their living conditions and spaces, linked to Madrid’s poor neighbourhoods. The wet nurses who worked at the Inclusa de Madrid nursing foundlings, are also especially important figures in this history, and are studied from the perspective of how their occupation took shape within the encouragement and development of the feminisation of the domestic employment market. And also the single mothers, confronted with themselves by shame and dishonour, the moral categories imposed by the society in which they lived. Although the main focus of the study is the abandoned girls, a range of methodological options open up from the perspective of how power is exercised in different spaces (workplaces, barracks, schools, family), in this case the Inclusa and Colegio de la Paz, through the disciplinary rules and measures in their regulations...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Historia Contemporánea, leída el 11-09-2017