Publication: Automovilidad misantrópica: motilidad, riesgo y ciudadanía en Brasil
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2018-10-11
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Desde 2005, el transporte en coche privado supera la mitad de los desplazamientos motorizados en ciudades brasileñas. La identificación con el coche, que se basa en nociones de modernidad, progreso, comodidad y ascensión social, ha desembocado en la naturalización y en la aceptación de los problemas causados por el modelo hegemónico de la automovilidad como consecuencia necesaria del desarrollo y de la huida de etiquetas tercermundistas. Los brasileños acabaron habituándose, a lo largo de las últimas décadas, a las noticias diarias de atascos, contaminación atmosférica y siniestralidad vial. Aunque el sistema de tráfico simbolice la estandarización global de prácticas colectivas que cobra su protagonismo en la vida diaria del planeta, este sistema universalizado se acomoda distintamente a metabolismos locales y organismos sociales de alta complejidad, de normas, valores y motivaciones particulares. El objetivo general de la presente investigación es analizar la incorporación del coche como elemento de motilidad, de ciudadanía y factor constituyente de riesgos en un contexto sociocultural específico donde, a lo largo de los últimos años, se ampliaron las superficies de contacto entre una clase media tradicional y otra ascendente a partir de la automovilidad y las nuevas tecnologías bajo aspectos sistémicos y biopolíticos. Los análisis efectuados acerca de la automovilidad en su extensión material y semiológica han dialogado constantemente con las preguntas de investigación. La primera de ellas, una cuestión fundamentalmente práctica acerca de la construcción social de los riesgos en un escenario emergente de automovilidad en Brasil; la segunda, un acercamiento teórico en cuanto al uso del novedoso concepto de motilidad aplicado a estudios de movilidad, incremento tecnológico y estructuración social; y la tercera, de carácter ético que, a partir de las dos cuestiones anteriores, culmina con una apreciación acerca de la representación de la ciudadanía en una cultura de automovilidad instaurada sobre una gramática sociológica particular. Analiticamente hemos adoptado tres dimensiones derivadas de la noción de motilidad para poder acceder a un ordenamiento discursivo transversal que pudiera cumplir con los objetivos analíticos: i) acceso-percepción; ii) habilidades-atribuciones de riesgo; iii) apropiación-estructuración social. Estos ejes dimensionales son relacionales y vinculantes en la concentración de la motilidad, en los niveles de riesgo y en el ejercicio de ciudadanía. Así se cumple, a partir del ordenamiento discursivo, una vuelta reflexiva hacia los referentes teóricos de la automovilidad para el caso brasileño como sistema, régimen y cultura.
In 2005, private vehicle travel rose to exceed more than half of motorized travel in Brazilian cities. The car’s association with notions of modernity, progress, convenience and upward social mobility has led to the naturalization and acceptance of problems caused by the hegemonic model of automobility as a necessary consequence of development and a departure from third-world labels. Over the last few decades, Brazilians have become accustomed to their daily news being filled with reports on traffic jams, air pollution and accidents. Although traffic systems are a global standard for collective practices that places cars in the limelight of daily life around the globe, this universal system does adjust differently to local metabolisms and highly complex social entities, standards, values and specific motivations. The main objective of this research is to analyze the inclusion of the car as an element of motility, of citizenry and as a risk factor within a specific sociocultural context where, in recent years, the interactions between a traditional middle class and another upwardly moving class have increased due to automobility and new technologies in their systemic and biopolitical aspects. The analyses conducted regarding the material and semiological area of automobility have constantly dialogued with the questions posed by this research. The first question, a practical question regarding the social construction of risks within an emerging scenario of automobility in Brazil; the second, a theoretical approach to the use of the new concept of motility applied to mobility studies, an increase in technology and social stratification; and the third question being ethical in nature, arising from the two prior ones, culminates with an appreciation of the representation of the citizenry in a culture of automobility established by a specific sociological grammar. Analytically, we have adopted three dimensions derived from the notion of motility to access a cross-sectional discourse that leads to meeting the analytical goals: i) access - perception; ii) abilities - risk attribution; iii) appropriation - social stratification. These dimensions are related and connected to the concentration of motility, risk levels and the exercise of citizenship. The result of this discourse is a reflective return to the theoretical frameworks of automobility for Brazil as a system, regime and culture.
In 2005, private vehicle travel rose to exceed more than half of motorized travel in Brazilian cities. The car’s association with notions of modernity, progress, convenience and upward social mobility has led to the naturalization and acceptance of problems caused by the hegemonic model of automobility as a necessary consequence of development and a departure from third-world labels. Over the last few decades, Brazilians have become accustomed to their daily news being filled with reports on traffic jams, air pollution and accidents. Although traffic systems are a global standard for collective practices that places cars in the limelight of daily life around the globe, this universal system does adjust differently to local metabolisms and highly complex social entities, standards, values and specific motivations. The main objective of this research is to analyze the inclusion of the car as an element of motility, of citizenry and as a risk factor within a specific sociocultural context where, in recent years, the interactions between a traditional middle class and another upwardly moving class have increased due to automobility and new technologies in their systemic and biopolitical aspects. The analyses conducted regarding the material and semiological area of automobility have constantly dialogued with the questions posed by this research. The first question, a practical question regarding the social construction of risks within an emerging scenario of automobility in Brazil; the second, a theoretical approach to the use of the new concept of motility applied to mobility studies, an increase in technology and social stratification; and the third question being ethical in nature, arising from the two prior ones, culminates with an appreciation of the representation of the citizenry in a culture of automobility established by a specific sociological grammar. Analytically, we have adopted three dimensions derived from the notion of motility to access a cross-sectional discourse that leads to meeting the analytical goals: i) access - perception; ii) abilities - risk attribution; iii) appropriation - social stratification. These dimensions are related and connected to the concentration of motility, risk levels and the exercise of citizenship. The result of this discourse is a reflective return to the theoretical frameworks of automobility for Brazil as a system, regime and culture.
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Tesis de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, Departamento de Sociología V, leída el 13/07/2017