Publication: La Hisba política e intelectual en la época del primer Islam.
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2020-12-17
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Introduccion: Esta tesis doctoral investiga y analiza el papel de la ḥisba ( الحسبة ) tanto política como intelectual a través de la institución de ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd ( أھل الحل و العقد ) en la época del primer islam (la era del Profeta y la de los cuatro primeros califas). La tesis pretende analizar la ḥisba política en profundidad para determinar hasta qué punto tuvo un papel notorio en la historia política del primer islam y en la formulación del pensamiento político islámico medieval. Además, la investigación pone de relieve la formación y la función de la institución de ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd en las actividades políticas del estado islámico. La institución de la ḥisba1, según demuestra Muršid (1973), ha tenido una gran importancia en el sistema islámico. Tradicionalmente, la ḥisba en el islam se ha basado en el concepto socioreligioso implícito en el mandato de «ordenar el bien y prohibir el mal» (al-amr bi-l-maʽrūf wa-l-nahī ʽan al-munkar). Este concepto incluye todos los aspectos de la vida de los musulmanes, tales como la educación, la economía, el pensamiento, la política, etc. La ḥisba islámica ha evolucionado a lo largo de la época medieval, iniciándose en la época del Profeta y llegando hasta la actualidad, aunque con diferentes grados y estilos.
Objetivos: El principal objetivo de la tesis es investigar y entender el papel de la ḥisba política en la época del primer islam. Para alcanzar este objetivo, la presente tesis estudia, en primer lugar, la ḥisba política a través de la institución de ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd en el sistema político islámico y, luego, exploramos el papel de dicha institución en cuanto a la representación legal de la umma, además de su función para llevar a cabo las reformas políticas necesarias en el estado islámico. Aparte de ello, examinaremos en detalle el papel de la ḥisba política en el área intelectual (libertad de expresión) y la diversidad religiosa. Es importante fijarse en este aspecto para conocer las dimensiones religiosas de la ḥisba y su capacidad para incluir a todos los miembros de la umma, lo que demostrará el carácter inclusivo de aquella. La tesis, en conjunto, pretende explorar la institución de la ḥisba islámica durante la época del primer islam, en primera instancia, pero haciendo una comparación con el sistema occidental moderno en el último capítulo.3.
Resultados y conclusiones: 1- Se ha explicado antes que el islam no estableció un sistema político o un modelo de gobierno concreto, sino que dejó que los musulmanes eligieran el sistema más apropiado según su realidad espacio-temporal, siempre que este sistema respetase los principios políticos del islam, como son la justicia, la igualdad, la šūrà, etc.
2- Queda clara la definición de ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd, institución que está compuesta por personalidades influyentes y con autoridad, por sus cualidades personales, sobre la umma.
3- La institución de ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd es un concepto islámico que se ha creado y desarrollado a lo largo del tiempo según la realidad de la umma islámica.
4- La institución de ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd está compuesta por representantes legítimos de la umma frente a las autoridades políticas del estado islámico y obtiene su legitimación de las fuentes islámicas, el Corán y la sunna. Una de sus mayores funciones es seleccionar y nombrar al califa en nombre de la umma.
5- La institución de ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd es una garantía para llevar a cabo las reformas políticas necesarias -ya que obtiene esta prerrogativa de las mismas fuentes islámicas- y poder, así, establecer un estado justo e igualitario.
6- La institución de ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd es una garantía de vigilancia intelectual de la sociedad islámica contra cualquier corriente radical. También es una garantía de protección legal para los no musulmanes que viven en el estado islámico, según las bases islámicas de la diversidad
religiosa…
Introduction .This doctoral thesis investigates and analyzes the role of ḥisba ( الحسبة ) both politically and intellectually through the institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-'aqd ( أھل الحل و العقد ) at the time of the first Islam (the era of Prophet and the first four caliphs). The thesis aims to analyze the political ḥisba in depth to determine the extent to which it had a notorious role in the political history of the first Islam and in the formulation of medieval Islamic political thought. In addition, the research highlights the formation and function of the institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd in the political activities of the Islamic state. The ḥisba institution, as Muršid (1973) demonstrates, has been of great importance in the Islamic system. Traditionally, ḥisba in Islam has been based on the socio-religious concept implicit in the mandate to "ordering good and forbiding evil" (al-amr bi-l-maʽrūf wa-l-nahī ʽan al-munkar). This concept includes all aspects of Muslim life, such as education, economics, thinking, politics, etc. The Islamic ḥisba has evolved throughout the medieval era, beginning at the time of the Prophet and reaching today, although with different degrees and styles.2. Objectives. The main objective of the thesis is to investigate and understand the role of the political ḥisba at the time of the first Islam. To achieve this objective, this thesis studies, first, the political ḥisba through the institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-'aqd in the Islamic political system and, then, I explore the role of that institution as to the legal representation of the ummah, in addition to its function to carry out the necessary political reforms in the Islamic state. Apart from that, I will examine in details the role of the political ḥisba in the intellectual area (freedom of expression) and religious diversity. It is important to look at this aspect to know the religious dimensions of the ḥisba and its ability to includes all members of the ummah, which will demonstrate the inclusive nature of the institution. The thesis as a whole, aims to explore the institution of the Islamic ḥisba during the time of the first Islam, in the first instance, but making a comparison with the modern western system in the last chapter.3. Results and conclusions.1- It has been explained before that Islam did not establish a specific political system or model of government, but let Muslims choose the most appropriate system according to their space-time reality, provided that this system respects the political principles of Islam, such as justice, equality, šūrà, etc. 2- It is clear that the definition of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd, as an institution, is composed of influential and authoritative personalities of the ummah.3- The institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd is an Islamic concept that has been created and developed over time according to the reality of the Islamic ummah 4- The institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd is made up of legitimate representatives of the ummah in front of the political authorities of the Islamic state and obtains its legitimization from the Islamic sources, the Koran and the sunnah. One of its greatest functions is to select and name the caliph on behalf of the ummah 5- The institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd is a guarantee to carry out the necessary political reforms - since it obtains this prerogative from the same Islamic sources - and thus, be able to establish a fair and equal state.6- The institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd is a guarantee of intellectual surveillance of Islamic society against any radical currents. It is also a guarantee of legal protection for non-Muslims living in the Islamic state, according to the Islamic bases of religious diversity...
Introduction .This doctoral thesis investigates and analyzes the role of ḥisba ( الحسبة ) both politically and intellectually through the institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-'aqd ( أھل الحل و العقد ) at the time of the first Islam (the era of Prophet and the first four caliphs). The thesis aims to analyze the political ḥisba in depth to determine the extent to which it had a notorious role in the political history of the first Islam and in the formulation of medieval Islamic political thought. In addition, the research highlights the formation and function of the institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd in the political activities of the Islamic state. The ḥisba institution, as Muršid (1973) demonstrates, has been of great importance in the Islamic system. Traditionally, ḥisba in Islam has been based on the socio-religious concept implicit in the mandate to "ordering good and forbiding evil" (al-amr bi-l-maʽrūf wa-l-nahī ʽan al-munkar). This concept includes all aspects of Muslim life, such as education, economics, thinking, politics, etc. The Islamic ḥisba has evolved throughout the medieval era, beginning at the time of the Prophet and reaching today, although with different degrees and styles.2. Objectives. The main objective of the thesis is to investigate and understand the role of the political ḥisba at the time of the first Islam. To achieve this objective, this thesis studies, first, the political ḥisba through the institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-'aqd in the Islamic political system and, then, I explore the role of that institution as to the legal representation of the ummah, in addition to its function to carry out the necessary political reforms in the Islamic state. Apart from that, I will examine in details the role of the political ḥisba in the intellectual area (freedom of expression) and religious diversity. It is important to look at this aspect to know the religious dimensions of the ḥisba and its ability to includes all members of the ummah, which will demonstrate the inclusive nature of the institution. The thesis as a whole, aims to explore the institution of the Islamic ḥisba during the time of the first Islam, in the first instance, but making a comparison with the modern western system in the last chapter.3. Results and conclusions.1- It has been explained before that Islam did not establish a specific political system or model of government, but let Muslims choose the most appropriate system according to their space-time reality, provided that this system respects the political principles of Islam, such as justice, equality, šūrà, etc. 2- It is clear that the definition of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd, as an institution, is composed of influential and authoritative personalities of the ummah.3- The institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd is an Islamic concept that has been created and developed over time according to the reality of the Islamic ummah 4- The institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd is made up of legitimate representatives of the ummah in front of the political authorities of the Islamic state and obtains its legitimization from the Islamic sources, the Koran and the sunnah. One of its greatest functions is to select and name the caliph on behalf of the ummah 5- The institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd is a guarantee to carry out the necessary political reforms - since it obtains this prerogative from the same Islamic sources - and thus, be able to establish a fair and equal state.6- The institution of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-‘aqd is a guarantee of intellectual surveillance of Islamic society against any radical currents. It is also a guarantee of legal protection for non-Muslims living in the Islamic state, according to the Islamic bases of religious diversity...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Filología, leída el, 21-02-2020