Publication: Peregrinaciones religiosas y ciudadanía. Estudio comparativo de dos casos : la devoción guadalupana en Ciudad de México y San Diego (EEUU), con anotaciones sobre el Camino de Santiago
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2016-02-05
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Los viajes a centros sagrados han sido un universal cultural a lo largo de la historia humana, y siguen teniendo una gran importancia en numerosas sociedades contemporáneas. Así ocurre con las peregrinaciones religiosas a la Basílica de Guadalupe de México, D. F., visitada cada año por millones de personas. Muchas más se desplazan ritualmente también a otros santuarios dedicados a la Virgen de Guadalupe distribuidos por todo el territorio mexicano y otras regiones del continente americano, donde ella es considerada patrona espiritual por los creyentes católicos. Asimismo, los emigrantes a Estados Unidos procedentes de México han llevado consigo la devoción a esta advocación mariana, y su culto ha experimentado un auge en las últimas décadas paralelo al aumento de la población de origen mexicano en el país anglosajón. Al trascender —y transgredir— una de las fronteras más marcadas del mundo, el culto a la Virgen de Guadalupe se ha transformado, y sus peregrinaciones asociadas y otras prácticas se han reformulado en el contexto estadounidense. Esta tesis explora las consecuencias cívicas de las peregrinaciones —y en general del culto guadalupano— que se efectúan en dos entornos dispares pero interrelacionados: Ciudad de México, la capital político-administrativa del país y centro de la devoción a la figura religiosa mencionada; y San Diego (California), una ciudad colindante con México pero también un baluarte económico, militar y cultural de los Estados Unidos. En ambas urbes los devotos guadalupanos llevan a cabo peregrinaciones y otras actividades que implican movilidad —como procesiones, marchas y traslados de imágenes— que están cargadas simbólicamente y tienen una intensa expresividad social. Pero la intención, la forma, el uso y el significado de estas prácticas están fuertemente determinados por el estatus civil de los participantes: ciudadanos de pleno derecho en un caso, miembros de un colectivo identificado étnicamente —y a menudo discriminado— en otro. El culto transnacional a la Virgen de Guadalupe —y específicamente sus peregrinaciones asociadas, de carácter multitudinario y eminentemente públicas— es uno de los escenarios donde se manifiestan transformaciones globales recientes. La presente tesis pretende arrojar algo de luz sobre este último proceso, mediante el análisis comparativo entre los dos casos mencionados y con referencias frecuentes a un tercero: las peregrinaciones modernas que transcurren por el Camino de Santiago. Las peregrinaciones estudiadas han superado las barreras de los países donde se gestaron, y el contraste entre estos fenómenos servirá para ilustrar el cambio que experimenta en la actualidad la noción de 'ciudadanía', distanciándose de las categorías tradicionales 'Estado' y 'nación', e incorporando nuevas formas de pertenencia basadas en la participación cívica y política
Travelling to sacred sites has been a cultural universal throughout human history, and it is still of great importance in many contemporary societies. This is true for the religious pilgrimages to the Basilica of Guadalupe in Mexico City, which is visited by millions of people each year. In addition, many more pilgrims ritually travel to other shrines dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe, distributed throughout Mexico and other regions of the American continent, where she is considered the spiritual patroness. Due to the increase of Mexican and Mexican-American population in the USA, the worship towards her has boomed in recent decades in that country. The cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe has been transformed after transcending—and transgressing—one of the most marked frontiers in the world, and its associated pilgrimages and other practices have been reshaped in the US context. This dissertation explores the civic consequences of Guadalupan pilgrimage, and in general Guadalupe cult, that is carried out in two different but interrelated environments: Mexico City, the country's political and administrative capital, as well as the center of the devotion to the aforementioned figure; and San Diego (California), a neighboring town with Mexico but at the same time an economic, military and cultural US stronghold. In both cities Guadalupan devotees perform pilgrimages—and other activities involving mobility such as processions, marches and moving sacred images—that are full of symbolism and socially expressive. But these practices' intention, form, use and meaning are strongly determined by the civil status of the participants: full citizens in one case, members of a group identified by its ethnic background—and often discriminated by it—in another. The transnational cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe, and specifically their associated pilgrimages—massive and highly public,— is one of the settings where recent global changes express themselves. This dissertation aims to shed some light on this phenomenon through the comparative analysis of these two cases, and through frequent references to a third case: modern pilgrimages that take place along the Camino de Santiago [Way of St. James] in Spain and Europe. These phenomena overcome the barriers of the countries where they developed, and contrasting them will help to illustrate current changes in the notion of 'citizenship', which is moving away from the traditional categories 'state' and 'nation', and incorporating new forms of membership based on civic and political participation.
Travelling to sacred sites has been a cultural universal throughout human history, and it is still of great importance in many contemporary societies. This is true for the religious pilgrimages to the Basilica of Guadalupe in Mexico City, which is visited by millions of people each year. In addition, many more pilgrims ritually travel to other shrines dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe, distributed throughout Mexico and other regions of the American continent, where she is considered the spiritual patroness. Due to the increase of Mexican and Mexican-American population in the USA, the worship towards her has boomed in recent decades in that country. The cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe has been transformed after transcending—and transgressing—one of the most marked frontiers in the world, and its associated pilgrimages and other practices have been reshaped in the US context. This dissertation explores the civic consequences of Guadalupan pilgrimage, and in general Guadalupe cult, that is carried out in two different but interrelated environments: Mexico City, the country's political and administrative capital, as well as the center of the devotion to the aforementioned figure; and San Diego (California), a neighboring town with Mexico but at the same time an economic, military and cultural US stronghold. In both cities Guadalupan devotees perform pilgrimages—and other activities involving mobility such as processions, marches and moving sacred images—that are full of symbolism and socially expressive. But these practices' intention, form, use and meaning are strongly determined by the civil status of the participants: full citizens in one case, members of a group identified by its ethnic background—and often discriminated by it—in another. The transnational cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe, and specifically their associated pilgrimages—massive and highly public,— is one of the settings where recent global changes express themselves. This dissertation aims to shed some light on this phenomenon through the comparative analysis of these two cases, and through frequent references to a third case: modern pilgrimages that take place along the Camino de Santiago [Way of St. James] in Spain and Europe. These phenomena overcome the barriers of the countries where they developed, and contrasting them will help to illustrate current changes in the notion of 'citizenship', which is moving away from the traditional categories 'state' and 'nation', and incorporating new forms of membership based on civic and political participation.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, Departamento de Antropología Social, leída el 22-01-2016