Publication: El discurso antisemita en España (1936-1948)
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2016-06-16
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Si bien es posible establecer un hilo de continuidad con los discursos y las actitudes antisemitas de la España de los siglos XV y XVI, fechas en las que la agresividad contra los judíos alcanza sus cotas más elevadas (no sólo por la expulsión colectiva de las comunidades hebreas en 1492, sino por la actuación represiva desplegada por la Iglesia Católica y la Monarquía, esto es, por la Inquisición y el nuevo Estado unificado tras la unión de las coronas de Aragón y Castilla y la conquista del último enclave musulmán en la Península), lo cierto es que la participación de nuestro país en el proyecto político alemán que culminó con la aniquilación de más de cinco millones de judíos europeos fue solamente tangencial. Tenía razón el embajador israelí ante las Naciones Unidas, Abba Eban, cuando tomó la palabra el 16 de mayo de 1949 para explicar por qué el recién creado Estado de Israel no aceptaría al régimen de Franco en la comunidad internacional. Eban reconoció que España no tomó parte “directamente” en la política de exterminio llevada a cabo por Alemania con la colaboración de otros Estados europeos, pero su alineamiento ideológico con el Tercer Reich “contribuyó a la eficacia” de los objetivos que se proponía: hacer de una Europa bajo domino germano, un espacio “libre de judíos”. Quizá porque España, o al menos de ello presumían las autoridades del nuevo Estado franquista, como lo habían hecho, si bien con bastante más prudencia política, las republicanas en los años 30, ya era un país sin judíos. Efectivamente. Según las estimaciones aceptadas por la mayor parte de los historiadores en base a un censo elaborado en 1933, la comunidad judía en España no estaba compuesta por más de 6.000 personas, muchas de las cuáles decidieron emigrar al comienzo de la Guerra Civil. Y esa ausencia de judíos será la que determine no sólo la actuación política del régimen en los años de mayor persecución contra ellos en el continente, sino el discurso propagandístico que hacía del antisemitismo un punto de encuentro ideológico entre el nuevo Estado franquista y los Estados totalitarios consolidados en Europa en el período de entreguerras...
Conceivably, it is possible to establish a thread of continuity of anti-Semitic arguments and attitudes in Spain from the 15th and 16th centuries, dates in which the aggressiveness against Jews reached its highest quotas (not only for the collective expulsion of the Hebrew communities in 1492, but also for the repressive behaviour spread by the Catholic Church and Monarchy, in which the Inquisition acted under a new unified State that had merged the Aragon and Castile crowns to conquer the last Muslim controlled territory), however it is certain that its participation in the German political project that culminated with the annihilation of more than five million European Jews was merely tangential. The Israeli ambassador Abba Eban addressing the United Nations on May 16th, 1949 had a legitimate reason not to accept the Franco regime in the international community. Eban recognized that Spain did not “directly” take part in the policy of Jewish extermination headed by Germany with the collaboration of other European States, but its ideological alignment with the Third Reich “contributed to the efficiency” of the objectives that were proposed: to create a Europe under German control, a space “free of Jews.” Perhaps because Spain, under its new Franco state, boasted its authority as a country without Jews, though the Republicans in the 30s did so with more political caution. Surely this was the case. According to the accepted estimations by the majority of Spanish historians based on the 1933 detailed census, the Jewish community in Spain did not make up more than 6,000 people, many of which decided to emigrate at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. This absence of Jews not only determined the political action of the Franco regime in the years of the highest persecution against Jews on the European continent, but also the type of anti-Semitic propaganda that became the intersecting confluence of ideology for the new Franco State with the consolidated totalitarian states during the period between WWI and WWII...
Conceivably, it is possible to establish a thread of continuity of anti-Semitic arguments and attitudes in Spain from the 15th and 16th centuries, dates in which the aggressiveness against Jews reached its highest quotas (not only for the collective expulsion of the Hebrew communities in 1492, but also for the repressive behaviour spread by the Catholic Church and Monarchy, in which the Inquisition acted under a new unified State that had merged the Aragon and Castile crowns to conquer the last Muslim controlled territory), however it is certain that its participation in the German political project that culminated with the annihilation of more than five million European Jews was merely tangential. The Israeli ambassador Abba Eban addressing the United Nations on May 16th, 1949 had a legitimate reason not to accept the Franco regime in the international community. Eban recognized that Spain did not “directly” take part in the policy of Jewish extermination headed by Germany with the collaboration of other European States, but its ideological alignment with the Third Reich “contributed to the efficiency” of the objectives that were proposed: to create a Europe under German control, a space “free of Jews.” Perhaps because Spain, under its new Franco state, boasted its authority as a country without Jews, though the Republicans in the 30s did so with more political caution. Surely this was the case. According to the accepted estimations by the majority of Spanish historians based on the 1933 detailed census, the Jewish community in Spain did not make up more than 6,000 people, many of which decided to emigrate at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. This absence of Jews not only determined the political action of the Franco regime in the years of the highest persecution against Jews on the European continent, but also the type of anti-Semitic propaganda that became the intersecting confluence of ideology for the new Franco State with the consolidated totalitarian states during the period between WWI and WWII...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias de la Información, Departamento de Historia de la Comunicación Social, leída el 08-01-2016