Publication: La política del libro durante el primer franquismo
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2016-09-21
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Tras hacer un breve recorrido histórico por la política del libro en España desde comienzos del siglo XX hasta la llegada del franquismo, en esta investigación, se expone el concepto de libro y de política del libro que tuvo el Régimen, entre 1939 y 1951, y cómo se desplegó, primero a través de la censura editorial y la propaganda, en segundo lugar en el ámbito del libro escolar y, por último, desde la política cultural exterior. De entre todas las instituciones implicadas en la gestión y ejecución de la política del libro, destacó el INLE, por ello se le dedica todo un capítulo para conocer su entramado y sus actuaciones, especialmente a sus mayores logros como fueron la convocatoria de la Asamblea del Libro de 1944, La Ley de Protección del Libro de diciembre de 1946 y la reanudación de la Feria del Libro a partir de 1944. Como complemento a la política oficial del libro se muestra, la menos conocida, política del libro que practicaron dos organizaciones que sustentaron el régimen: Falange y Acción Católica de España. Las dos utilizaron el libro y la lectura para adoctrinar, hacer apostolado o proselitismo a la vez que para formar dirigentes y mandos y ambas utilizaron los mismos instrumentos: la censura, la actividad editorial y la organización e bibliotecas, desplegando su actividad por toda la geografía española utilizando sus entramados organizativos. A continuación se analiza cómo afectó la política económica autárquica e intervencionista al libro en su dimensión económica a través de medidas como el racionamiento del papel y su sistema de cupos; el control de los cambios; la concesión de licencias para exportar o una reforma tributaria que gravaba los factores productivos, para después pasar revista a los distintos sectores económicos que tercian en la producción del libro: la industria del papel, las industrias gráficas y la industria editorial. Todo ello con el objeto de conocer la problemática específica de cada sector, sus reivindicaciones ante el Estado y los conflictos de interés de los mismos. Toda la segunda parte de la investigación se centra en conocer la realidad de las bibliotecas públicas en España entre 1939 y 1952. Se ha indagado en el marco jurídico, el concepto y atribuciones que se asignaban a las bibliotecas públicas en la época, su tipología y origen y, en la medida de lo que han permitido las fuentes consultadas, saber qué documentos albergaban y qué criterios de selección presidían su adquisición, qué servicios ofrecían, en qué edificios se instalaban, qué personal las gestionaban, con qué financiación contaban y qué índice de uso tuvieron. Saber quiénes leían y qué se leía y qué técnicas bibliotecarias se utilizaban en los diferentes tipos de bibliotecas. Planteándose, al final, qué hubo de continuidad y ruptura con la anterior política bibliotecaria, si hubo o no una política bibliotecaria y si la biblioteca pública fue realmente un medio de adoctrinamiento del Régimen.
After a brief historical review of the book policy in Spain since the beginning of the 20th century until the arrival of Francós regime, this research deals with the concept of book and the policy surrounding it, during Francós years (1939-1951). That policy was shown, in the first place, through censorship and propaganda, in a second term, through school books and finally regarding the foreign cultural policy. Among all the institutions involved in the management of such policy, the INLE stands out, and that́s the reason why a whole chapter is dedicated to it, in order to know how it worked out and specially its main achievements: the summoning of the Book Assembly in 1944, the Book Protection Law in December, 1946 and restarting the Book Fair since 1944. As a complement of the official book policy of those years, it is shown, as a not well known issue, how two organizations which supported the regime, Falange and Acción Católica, dealt with the book policy. Both used book and reading to indoctrinate and training future leaders, using either censorship , as well as publishers and libraries organization, spreading all their activities throughout the country by using their organization frameworks . Afterwards it is analyzed how the autocratic economic policy affected book, in the way of paper shortage and the quota system, controlling changes, the concession of licenses to export or a tax reform to levy production. Later on, it is reviewed the economic factor affecting book industry: paper and graphic industries and publishing. All of it, in order to know the problems of each sector, their demands for better living and the conflicts among them. The whole second part of the research focuses on knowing the reality of public libraries in Spain from 1939 to 1952. We have inquired into the legal framework and the assignment the libraries were supposed to have in those years, the kinds and origin of them, and as far as the sources has permitted, knowing the documents they held and the criteria for purchasing new documents, the services they offered, the building where they were housed, the staff they counted on, their budget and how often they were used. We try to answer to the question regarding their customers, what they read, and what librarian techniques were in use in the different types of libraries. Finally we consider whether the new book policy continued the former one, or if it broke apart from it, as well as , if there was a real library policy or not, and how it was used as a means of indoctrination.
After a brief historical review of the book policy in Spain since the beginning of the 20th century until the arrival of Francós regime, this research deals with the concept of book and the policy surrounding it, during Francós years (1939-1951). That policy was shown, in the first place, through censorship and propaganda, in a second term, through school books and finally regarding the foreign cultural policy. Among all the institutions involved in the management of such policy, the INLE stands out, and that́s the reason why a whole chapter is dedicated to it, in order to know how it worked out and specially its main achievements: the summoning of the Book Assembly in 1944, the Book Protection Law in December, 1946 and restarting the Book Fair since 1944. As a complement of the official book policy of those years, it is shown, as a not well known issue, how two organizations which supported the regime, Falange and Acción Católica, dealt with the book policy. Both used book and reading to indoctrinate and training future leaders, using either censorship , as well as publishers and libraries organization, spreading all their activities throughout the country by using their organization frameworks . Afterwards it is analyzed how the autocratic economic policy affected book, in the way of paper shortage and the quota system, controlling changes, the concession of licenses to export or a tax reform to levy production. Later on, it is reviewed the economic factor affecting book industry: paper and graphic industries and publishing. All of it, in order to know the problems of each sector, their demands for better living and the conflicts among them. The whole second part of the research focuses on knowing the reality of public libraries in Spain from 1939 to 1952. We have inquired into the legal framework and the assignment the libraries were supposed to have in those years, the kinds and origin of them, and as far as the sources has permitted, knowing the documents they held and the criteria for purchasing new documents, the services they offered, the building where they were housed, the staff they counted on, their budget and how often they were used. We try to answer to the question regarding their customers, what they read, and what librarian techniques were in use in the different types of libraries. Finally we consider whether the new book policy continued the former one, or if it broke apart from it, as well as , if there was a real library policy or not, and how it was used as a means of indoctrination.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, leída el 25-01-2016