Publication: El empleo informal del colectivo latinoamericano con más residentes en España ante la crisis (una aproximación a su medición, 2005-2014)
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2016-12-19
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
Esta tesis tiene tres principales contribuciones. La primera es una propuesta de medición del empleo informal con base en los planteamientos de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Esta aportación es importante por dos motivos: 1. Esclarece el concepto de informalidad, inmerso en una heterogeneidad de apreciaciones, 2. Compone unidades concretas para la estimación de la informalidad en el empleo asalariado haciendo uso de fuentes secundarias de información. La segunda contribución es el uso de la Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL) en la estimación del empleo informal, que lleva a su apreciación como valiosa herramienta para el estudio de diversos aspectos del mercado de trabajo. En tercer lugar, ayuda a distinguir los efectos que la crisis económica actual ha tenido en el empleo de un colectivo latinoamericano inmigrado significativo en España como lo es el conformado por los procedentes de Ecuador, Colombia y Perú. El contenido está organizado de la siguiente manera. El capítulo 1 es una introducción al tema de estudio. Contextualiza la informalidad del empleo como parte de la flexibilidad laboral y como un elemento del mercado de trabajo que se encuentra dentro de las dimensiones y formas de la precariedad. Justifica la importancia de estudiar el empleo informal del colectivo latinoamericano, y expone la metodología y la estructura de la investigación. El capítulo 2 presenta los principales enfoques teóricos y la evolución conceptual del empleo informal, plantea la propuesta de medición y las hipótesis de partida. El marco teórico-histórico general del estudio se presenta en el capítulo 3. Aborda las principales teorías del mercado de trabajo y de las migraciones laborales internacionales e invita a un recorrido por las diferentes “formas de producir”, valorando el papel de los movimientos migratorios y su transformación. El capítulo 4 expone antecedentes generales del mercado laboral, distingue las etapas previas y la entrada a la crisis, y sus efectos en la población inmigrada respecto a la española, haciendo énfasis en la latinoamericana. El desarrollo de la propuesta de medición del empleo informal se hace en el capítulo 5. Se estiman dos situaciones de ocupación: el empleo no asalariado y el empleo asalariado informal. El primero conformado por trabajadores independientes, empleadores, trabajadores familiares auxiliares y miembros de una cooperativa. El segundo, distinguido por la presencia de contratación temporal y a tiempo parcial, y por salarios menores al Salario Mínimo Interprofesional anual (SMI). Para estimar el primero se observan datos sobre Ocupados por situación profesional y Trabajadores Autónomos. El segundo se estima analizando datos de asalariados de la MCVL con la ayuda de un modelo de regresión y de contrastes estadísticos. Se concluye en el capítulo 6 que el empleo no asalariado no funciona como alternativa de ocupación para los latinoamericanos durante la crisis. Por otro lado, el empleo asalariado informal aumenta en este periodo para el grupo inmigrado respecto a la población española por: la mayor presencia de contratos temporales a tiempo parcial, una caída mayor del salario medio, y una proporción más elevada de asalariados que perciben menos del SMI anual.
This thesis has three scientific contributions. The first one is a proposal for the measurement of informal employment, based on the approaches of the International Labour Organization (ILO). This contribution is significant for two reasons: 1. It clarifies the concept of informality, immersed in a heterogeneity of assessments, 2. Compose specific units to estimate the informal wage employment using secondary sources of information. The second contribution is the use of the Continuous Sample of Working Lives in the estimation of informal employment to lead to its appreciation as a valuable tool for the study of various aspects of the labor market. Thirdly, it helps to distinguish the effects of the current economic crisis on the employment of an important Latin American immigrant collective such as those from Ecuador, Colombia and Peru. The content of this investigation is organized as follows. Chapter 1, is an introduction to the subject of study. Contextualizes informal employment as a part of labor flexibility and as an element of the labor market that is within the dimensions and shapes of precariousness. Justifies the importance of studying informal employment in the Latin American group, and explains the methodology and structure of the research. Chapter 2, presents the main theoretical approaches and the conceptual evolution of informal employment, raises the proposal of measurement and the hypothesis. The overall theoretical and historical framework is presented in chapter 3, which studies the main theories of the labor market and international labor migrations, and invites to a journey through the different "ways of producing," valuing the role of migrations and their transformation. Chapter 4 exposes the general background of the labor market, distinguishes the previous phases and the entrance to the crisis, and its effects on the immigrant population about the Spanish, with emphasis on Latin America. The proposed measurement of informal employment is in Chapter 5. Two situations of occupation are estimated: non-wage employment and informal wage employment. The first one, is conformed by independent workers, employers, contributing family workers and members of a cooperative. The second, is distinguished by the presence of temporary contracts, part-time, and wages below the annual minimum wage (SMI). To estimate the first one, data about population by professional situation and self-employed was observed. The second has been estimated by analyzing data of employees in the MCVL with the help of a regression model and statistical tests. The conclusions reached in Chapter 6, shows that the non-salaried employment does not work as an alternative for Latin American occupation during the crisis. On the other hand, informal wage employment increases during this period for the immigrant group regarding the Spanish population due to: the increased presence of temporary part-time contracts, a further decline of the average wage, and a higher proportion of employees earning less annual SMI.
This thesis has three scientific contributions. The first one is a proposal for the measurement of informal employment, based on the approaches of the International Labour Organization (ILO). This contribution is significant for two reasons: 1. It clarifies the concept of informality, immersed in a heterogeneity of assessments, 2. Compose specific units to estimate the informal wage employment using secondary sources of information. The second contribution is the use of the Continuous Sample of Working Lives in the estimation of informal employment to lead to its appreciation as a valuable tool for the study of various aspects of the labor market. Thirdly, it helps to distinguish the effects of the current economic crisis on the employment of an important Latin American immigrant collective such as those from Ecuador, Colombia and Peru. The content of this investigation is organized as follows. Chapter 1, is an introduction to the subject of study. Contextualizes informal employment as a part of labor flexibility and as an element of the labor market that is within the dimensions and shapes of precariousness. Justifies the importance of studying informal employment in the Latin American group, and explains the methodology and structure of the research. Chapter 2, presents the main theoretical approaches and the conceptual evolution of informal employment, raises the proposal of measurement and the hypothesis. The overall theoretical and historical framework is presented in chapter 3, which studies the main theories of the labor market and international labor migrations, and invites to a journey through the different "ways of producing," valuing the role of migrations and their transformation. Chapter 4 exposes the general background of the labor market, distinguishes the previous phases and the entrance to the crisis, and its effects on the immigrant population about the Spanish, with emphasis on Latin America. The proposed measurement of informal employment is in Chapter 5. Two situations of occupation are estimated: non-wage employment and informal wage employment. The first one, is conformed by independent workers, employers, contributing family workers and members of a cooperative. The second, is distinguished by the presence of temporary contracts, part-time, and wages below the annual minimum wage (SMI). To estimate the first one, data about population by professional situation and self-employed was observed. The second has been estimated by analyzing data of employees in the MCVL with the help of a regression model and statistical tests. The conclusions reached in Chapter 6, shows that the non-salaried employment does not work as an alternative for Latin American occupation during the crisis. On the other hand, informal wage employment increases during this period for the immigrant group regarding the Spanish population due to: the increased presence of temporary part-time contracts, a further decline of the average wage, and a higher proportion of employees earning less annual SMI.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Internacional y Desarrollo, leída el 19/01/2016