Publication: Los derechos fundamentales de los extranjeros en el constitucionalismo contemporáneo
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2017-02-01
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
En los últimos tiempos, el fenómeno de la inmigración económica se ha convertido ya una realidad estructural, no puramente coyuntural o circunstancial. Entre los principales motivos que mueven a las personas a migrar se encuentran las crecientes desigualdades económicas entre los diferentes países o la búsqueda de seguridad como vía de escape a entornos en conflicto. Este último factor está propiciando, en la actualidad, el inicio de una nueva era, reflejo de un mundo antiguo, en el que se levantan nuevas fronteras allí donde ya fueron derribadas. En este contexto, se defiende un modelo de Estado de derecho, en particular, el llamado neoconstitucionalismo, como modelo que está en posición de garantizar la satisfacción de todos los derechos fundamentales de la persona al más alto nivel, condicionando para ello y en diferente medida a la legislación y a la jurisprudencia. El análisis pretende mostrar que el neoconstitucionalismo es un proceso dinámico que se completa a cada paso y cuyo final aún está por decidir. Desde esta perceptiva se analiza el papel que desempeñan los derechos fundamentales en el ámbito internacional, regional y nacional. En un momento posterior se examina el desarrollo legislativo en el ámbito de extranjería para verificar si las distinciones establecidas en su disfrute en atención a sus titulares son acordes a las Declaraciones y tratados internacionales en la materia y a lo establecido en el texto constitucional. En particular, se analiza la titularidad de los derechos al trabajo, a la libertad sindical y huelga, a la protección de la salud y a la educación, derechos que constituyen el núcleo más afectado por los avances y retrocesos del desarrollo legislativo en el ámbito de extranjería. En el proceso se mostrara las diferentes modificaciones de que ha sido objeto la Ley de extranjería, la constante interposición de recursos de inconstitucionalidad y la relevante labor interpretativa del Tribunal Constitucional en la determinación del reconocimiento y alcance de los derechos fundamentales de los extranjeros.
In recent times, the phenomenon of economic immigration has become a structural, rather than purely a temporary or circumstantial situation. Among the main reasons motivating people to migrate are the growing economic inequalities between different countries and a search for security as a way of escaping areas affected by war. This latest factor is currently leading to the start of a new era: a reflection of an old world where new frontiers are going up where they had been taken down. In this context, the rule of law model is upheld, particularly in the form known as neoconstitutionalism, in order to ensure that all fundamental human rights are complied with at the highest level. This conditions legislation and case law to varying degrees. The analysis attempts to show that neoconstitutionalism is a dynamic process completed step by step, whose end has yet to be decided. The role played by fundamental rights in the international, regional and national sphere is analysed from this perspective. Legislative development in the area of immigration law is then examined to confirm whether the distinctions established for the holders of fundamental rights to enjoy them are in accordance with the international declarations and treaties on the issue and the provisions of the text of the constitution. In particular, an analysis will be made of who holds the right to work, to trade union freedom, to strike and to the protection of health and education. These rights constitute the core that is most affected by advances and setbacks in legislative development in the area of immigration. The process will show the different modifications to immigration law, the constant lodging of appeals claiming unconstitutionality and the important interpretive work of the Constitutional Court in determining the recognition and scope of the fundamental rights of foreigners.
In recent times, the phenomenon of economic immigration has become a structural, rather than purely a temporary or circumstantial situation. Among the main reasons motivating people to migrate are the growing economic inequalities between different countries and a search for security as a way of escaping areas affected by war. This latest factor is currently leading to the start of a new era: a reflection of an old world where new frontiers are going up where they had been taken down. In this context, the rule of law model is upheld, particularly in the form known as neoconstitutionalism, in order to ensure that all fundamental human rights are complied with at the highest level. This conditions legislation and case law to varying degrees. The analysis attempts to show that neoconstitutionalism is a dynamic process completed step by step, whose end has yet to be decided. The role played by fundamental rights in the international, regional and national sphere is analysed from this perspective. Legislative development in the area of immigration law is then examined to confirm whether the distinctions established for the holders of fundamental rights to enjoy them are in accordance with the international declarations and treaties on the issue and the provisions of the text of the constitution. In particular, an analysis will be made of who holds the right to work, to trade union freedom, to strike and to the protection of health and education. These rights constitute the core that is most affected by advances and setbacks in legislative development in the area of immigration. The process will show the different modifications to immigration law, the constant lodging of appeals claiming unconstitutionality and the important interpretive work of the Constitutional Court in determining the recognition and scope of the fundamental rights of foreigners.
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Derecho, leída el 09-02-2016