Publication: La identificación en las teorías psicoanalíticas
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2017-08-30
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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1. INTRODUCCIÓN Existe un consenso muy amplio acerca de que el recién nacido llega la mundo con una actividad psíquica muy rudimentaria o casi inexistente y que en el trascurso de los primeros años de vida se va generado una organización mental cada vez más compleja. Sin duda intervienen en esa gestación factores de muy diversa índole: orgánicos (hereditarios, congénitos, neurológicos), sociales, psíquicos, culturales, etc. Así, pues, además del parto biológico habría un nacimiento a la vida psíquica. La propuesta de esta tesis es la de ampliar los conocimientos relacionados con el surgimiento y desarrollo de la vida psíquica en el niño, proceso que alcanza uno de sus puntos culminantes en la formación de un aparato psíquico con todas las instancias, sistemas y subsistemas, al finalizar la primera infancia. Esa profundización de saberes se realizó en la parcela correspondiente a los factores causales psicológicos que participan en la conformación de un nuevo ser psíquico. Se utilizó el enfoque psicoanalítico, que toma en cuenta los aspectos conscientes e inconscientes en la trasmisión intergeneracional de lo mental. Elegida esa perspectiva teórica, la identificación ocupó necesariamente el lugar central en la tesis, ya que ella es, para el psicoanálisis, el principal mecanismo que da cuenta de ese traspaso psíquico entre generaciones. Lo psíquico surge de lo psíquico del entorno objetal. Por lo tanto, el punto de partida y el marco general de esta tesis fue el siguiente: apenas nacido el bebé se incluye en un contexto familiar y social que le preexiste y cuyas características deberá hacer suyos. De allí surgió, también, que una parte importantísima del trabajo de tesis estuviese centrado en la investigación de las teorías identificatorias de Freud, Melanie Klein y Lacan (que de aquí en adelante serán mencionadas con las siglas TIF, TIK y TIL respectivamente). De manera paralela se realizó un análisis comparativo de esas tres teorías, tanto a nivel de lo que ellos escribieron literalmente sobre este tema como en el plano de los fundamentos implícitos, que fueron desentrañados y explicitados durante la extensa indagación bibliográfica realizada. Este cotejo y las consecuencias extraídas del mismo fueron la antesala para el planteamiento de mis hipótesis personales sobre dicho tema. Se dedicó espacio a la historia y presente del concepto de identificación en psicoanálisis y se evaluó el estado actual de los estudios de esa problemática. Luego se plantearon los aspectos metodológicos de la tesis que determinaron un modelo complejo de procesamiento de los textos investigados, que a continuación se comentará. 2. ASPECTOS METODOLÓGICOS DE LA TESIS El primer paso consistió en reunir las ideas dispersas que sobre la identificación dejaron los tres psicoanalistas a lo largo de sus obras. También se recurrió a artículos sobre el tema de otros autores. Se han seleccionado inicialmente aquéllos escritos en que dicha temática aparecía tratada explícitamente; luego, la exploración se extendió a otros ensayos en que se realizaron anudamientos implícitos con esta problemática. Por último, se observó la articulación de estos conjuntos con otros escritos en los que se procesaban conceptos que no pertenecían estrictamente al área de la identificación pero que estaban, sin embargo, relacionados con ella. Llevada a cabo esta operación inicial, se analizaron por separado los de textos de Freud, Klein y Lacan, para establecer los fundamentos de cada teoría. Esto facilitó el posterior estudio comparativo de las mismas en el nivel de sus basamentos. Pudo apreciarse que cada teoría arrojó luz sobre ciertas zonas pero, al mismo tiempo creó sus propios conos de sombra. Esto no fue considerado una limitación, puesto que todas las teorías generan inevitablemente el mismo fenómeno. Ninguna disciplina puede agotar su objeto de estudio: no existen teorías omnicomprensivas. Se ha combinado una lectura cronológica con otra retroactiva y esto, porque cada texto suele encontrar, más allá de sí mismo, y a posteriori, significaciones complementarias a las que podrían extraerse cuando es estudiado de manera aislada y sometiendo su contenido a un examen...
1. INTRODUCTION There is widespread consensus about the fact that a new-born arrives in this world with a very rudimentary or almost inexistent psychic activity, and that during the first years of his life, a more complex mental organization is created. Doubtless, many different factors intervene in this creation: biological (hereditary, congenital, neurological), social, psychic, cultural, and so on. Thus, in addition to the biological birth, there is a psychic life birth. This thesis tries to widen the knowledge related to the creation of psychic life in a child, a process which culminates in the formation of a psychic apparatus with all the instances, systems and subsystems, at the end of infancy. This study was made in the area corresponding to the psychological causal factors that partake in the creation of a new psychic being. A psychoanalytical approach was used, which takes into account the conscious and unconscious aspects in the intergenerational transmission of the mind. Having chosen that theoretical perspective, the main body of this text was devoted to identification, given that it is, in psychoanalysis, the main mechanism explaining psychic transmission between generations. The psyche emerges from the psychical of the objectual environment. Thus, the starting point and the general frame for this thesis was as follows: just after being born, the baby is immersed in a familiar and social context which exists before him, and whose characteristics he must make his. That is the reason why a very important part of this work was centred on researching the identification theories in Freud, Melanie Klein and Lacan (from here onwards, referenced with the initials TIF, TIK and TIL, respectively). In parallel, we undertook a comparative analysis of these three theories, both in regards to what was written literally about the subject as well as the implicit references. This comparison and its conclusions were the starting point for laying out my own personal hypothesis around this subject. We also dedicated some time to the history and the present concept of identification in psychoanalysis and we evaluated the current situation of the studies around this matter. Then we discussed the methodological aspects of the thesis, which determined a complex processing model for the research that we explain below. 2. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS The first step was to gather the different ideas around identification present in the work of these three psychoanalysts. We also used papers from other authors, initially selecting those that dealt explicitly with the subject; later, we extended that research to other essays that covered the subject in an implicit way. Lastly, we focused on other texts covering other concepts that didn't belong strictly to this area but were, however, related. Once this task was complete, we undertook separate studies of Freud, Klein and Lacan to establish the foundations of each theory. That facilitated the comparative study of the three that follows. We observed how each theory shed light on certain areas but, at the same time, created its own shadows. We didn't consider this a limitation, given that all theories inevitably created the same phenomenon. No theory can completely exhaust the topic under study: there is no such thing as an all-encompassing theory. We combined a chronological reading with a retroactive one, given that each text can find, in hindsight, additional meaning to what could be obtained in an isolated study. We considered that the diachronic axis was not enough, and a second, retro conclusive, reading was necessary...
1. INTRODUCTION There is widespread consensus about the fact that a new-born arrives in this world with a very rudimentary or almost inexistent psychic activity, and that during the first years of his life, a more complex mental organization is created. Doubtless, many different factors intervene in this creation: biological (hereditary, congenital, neurological), social, psychic, cultural, and so on. Thus, in addition to the biological birth, there is a psychic life birth. This thesis tries to widen the knowledge related to the creation of psychic life in a child, a process which culminates in the formation of a psychic apparatus with all the instances, systems and subsystems, at the end of infancy. This study was made in the area corresponding to the psychological causal factors that partake in the creation of a new psychic being. A psychoanalytical approach was used, which takes into account the conscious and unconscious aspects in the intergenerational transmission of the mind. Having chosen that theoretical perspective, the main body of this text was devoted to identification, given that it is, in psychoanalysis, the main mechanism explaining psychic transmission between generations. The psyche emerges from the psychical of the objectual environment. Thus, the starting point and the general frame for this thesis was as follows: just after being born, the baby is immersed in a familiar and social context which exists before him, and whose characteristics he must make his. That is the reason why a very important part of this work was centred on researching the identification theories in Freud, Melanie Klein and Lacan (from here onwards, referenced with the initials TIF, TIK and TIL, respectively). In parallel, we undertook a comparative analysis of these three theories, both in regards to what was written literally about the subject as well as the implicit references. This comparison and its conclusions were the starting point for laying out my own personal hypothesis around this subject. We also dedicated some time to the history and the present concept of identification in psychoanalysis and we evaluated the current situation of the studies around this matter. Then we discussed the methodological aspects of the thesis, which determined a complex processing model for the research that we explain below. 2. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS The first step was to gather the different ideas around identification present in the work of these three psychoanalysts. We also used papers from other authors, initially selecting those that dealt explicitly with the subject; later, we extended that research to other essays that covered the subject in an implicit way. Lastly, we focused on other texts covering other concepts that didn't belong strictly to this area but were, however, related. Once this task was complete, we undertook separate studies of Freud, Klein and Lacan to establish the foundations of each theory. That facilitated the comparative study of the three that follows. We observed how each theory shed light on certain areas but, at the same time, created its own shadows. We didn't consider this a limitation, given that all theories inevitably created the same phenomenon. No theory can completely exhaust the topic under study: there is no such thing as an all-encompassing theory. We combined a chronological reading with a retroactive one, given that each text can find, in hindsight, additional meaning to what could be obtained in an isolated study. We considered that the diachronic axis was not enough, and a second, retro conclusive, reading was necessary...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Medicina, leída el 30-11-2015