Publication: Influencia de los patrones de laboreo sobre la respuesta erosiva durante episodios extremos de erosión en paisajes agrícolas de secano mediterráneo
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2018-09-27
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
El suelo es un recurso natural no renovable a escala temporal humana y el soporte básico imprescindible para la existencia de ecosistemas terrestres. Son particularmente sensibles ante la degradación del suelo los ecosistemas agrícolas dado que su productividad depende, en última instancia, de las cualidades y estado de conservación del suelo. En la región mediterránea se da una combinación de características físicas y ambientales que potencia los procesos de erosión y la degradación del suelo. En este contexto, la erosión hídrica constituye uno de los principales procesos de degradación. Los resultados de este trabajo han revelado que cerca del 70% de las tasas anuales medias de pérdida de suelo corresponden a la erosión hídrica ligada al desarrollo de regueros y/o cárcavas que tiene lugar durante episodios erosivos que pueden ser clasificados como extremos. Por ello, estos episodios deben ser considerados claves a la hora de evaluar la eficacia de las distintas alternativas de prácticas agronómicas y planes de conservación del suelo, especialmente todas aquellas incluidas en la legislación derivada de la Política Agraria Común europea (PAC). El objetivo final de esta Tesis, titulada: “Influencia de los patrones de laboreo sobre la respuesta erosiva durante episodios extremos de erosión en paisajes agrícolas de secano mediterráneo”, es evaluar la efectividad del laboreo en contorno, promovido por las diferentes normativas derivadas de la PAC, como práctica de conservación del suelo en las condiciones ambientales mediterráneas de la región central de España. Para ello, se ha caracterizado y cuantificado la erosión por flujos concentrados en cuarenta y ocho pequeñas cuencas hidrológicas de campos labrados y mantenidos en barbecho, relacionando las tasas de erosión obtenidas con los episodios de precipitación desencadenantes de la erosión, así como con las características topográficas y la rugosidad orientada presente sobre las laderas agrícolas...
Soil is a natural resource non-renewable at a human temporal scale and essential for the existence of terrestrial ecosystems. Agricultural systems are especially sensible to soil degradation as their productivity depends directly on the health and quality of the soils. The Mediterranean region is particularly prone to erosion and soil degradation due to a combination of physics and environmental factors. Within this context water erosion is one of the main processes of soil degradation. The results obtained showed that about 70% of the average annual soil detachment rates correspond to water erosion due to concentrated flows (rill and gully erosion) that takes place during extreme episodes of water erosion.Therefore, those extreme erosive episodes should be the key factor in order to identify effective soil conservation practices and conservation plans, like those derivate from the European Common Agriculture Policy (CAP). The ultimate Thesis purpose, entitled "Influence of tillage patterns on the erosive response during extreme episodes of water erosion in Mediterranean rainfed agricultural landscapes", is to evaluate the effectiveness of the contour tillage, promoted by the CAP, in relation to its erosive response in environmental conditions of the Mediterranean central Spain. In order to do this, the erosion by concentrated flows has been characterized and quantified in forty eight small hydrological basins of fallow fields. The soil detachment rates obtained were related with the rainfall events that trigger the erosion, as well as topographic characteristics and the tillage-oriented roughness present on the agricultural slopes. At the same time, the necessity to implement alternative field protocols, under certain circumstances, to the Point Cloud Method (PCM) on rill dendritic systems has been detected, in order to maximize the available field information on current soil detachment rates and hydrological responses of the different agricultural practices, always with the highest possible accuracy...
Soil is a natural resource non-renewable at a human temporal scale and essential for the existence of terrestrial ecosystems. Agricultural systems are especially sensible to soil degradation as their productivity depends directly on the health and quality of the soils. The Mediterranean region is particularly prone to erosion and soil degradation due to a combination of physics and environmental factors. Within this context water erosion is one of the main processes of soil degradation. The results obtained showed that about 70% of the average annual soil detachment rates correspond to water erosion due to concentrated flows (rill and gully erosion) that takes place during extreme episodes of water erosion.Therefore, those extreme erosive episodes should be the key factor in order to identify effective soil conservation practices and conservation plans, like those derivate from the European Common Agriculture Policy (CAP). The ultimate Thesis purpose, entitled "Influence of tillage patterns on the erosive response during extreme episodes of water erosion in Mediterranean rainfed agricultural landscapes", is to evaluate the effectiveness of the contour tillage, promoted by the CAP, in relation to its erosive response in environmental conditions of the Mediterranean central Spain. In order to do this, the erosion by concentrated flows has been characterized and quantified in forty eight small hydrological basins of fallow fields. The soil detachment rates obtained were related with the rainfall events that trigger the erosion, as well as topographic characteristics and the tillage-oriented roughness present on the agricultural slopes. At the same time, the necessity to implement alternative field protocols, under certain circumstances, to the Point Cloud Method (PCM) on rill dendritic systems has been detected, in order to maximize the available field information on current soil detachment rates and hydrological responses of the different agricultural practices, always with the highest possible accuracy...
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Tesis presentada en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Departamento de Geodinámica, leída el 19-05-2017